Monkeypox, or mpox, is a viral disease that can affect anyone, including women. It is caused by the monkeypox virus, a relative of smallpox, and typically presents with flu-like symptoms followed by a characteristic rash. While historically more prevalent in parts of Africa, outbreaks have occurred globally. It generally resolves within two to four weeks for most individuals.
How Monkeypox Spreads
Mpox primarily spreads through close contact with an infected person or animal, or contaminated materials. Direct contact with the rash, scabs, or body fluids of someone with mpox is a common transmission route. This includes skin-to-skin contact, such as intimate physical contact like hugging, cuddling, kissing, or sexual activity.
The virus can also spread through prolonged face-to-face contact via respiratory droplets. Contaminated items like clothing, bedding, or towels can also transmit the virus. Less commonly, transmission can occur from animals to humans through bites, scratches, or contact with infected animal products.
Symptoms and Specific Considerations for Women
The symptoms of mpox generally appear within 5 to 21 days after exposure, with many experiencing symptoms in 7 to 14 days. Initial symptoms often resemble the flu and can include fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, chills, exhaustion, and swollen lymph nodes. A rash typically develops one to four days after these initial symptoms, though some individuals may experience the rash first or only a rash.
The rash progresses through several stages, from flat spots to raised bumps, then pus-filled blisters that eventually crust over and fall off. These lesions can appear on various parts of the body, including the face, hands, feet, chest, and mouth. Lesions frequently occur in the genital or anal areas. A significant proportion of mpox infections in women, particularly cisgender women, have presented with genital or anal lesions, which can sometimes be misdiagnosed as other sexually transmitted infections.
For pregnant or breastfeeding women, there are specific considerations. While data are limited, pregnant individuals may face an increased risk of severe disease. Mpox can be transmitted from a pregnant person to the fetus during pregnancy or to the newborn through close contact during or after birth. Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as spontaneous pregnancy loss, stillbirth, and preterm delivery have been reported in cases of mpox during pregnancy.
Diagnosis involves swabbing lesions for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and blood tests may also be performed.
Prevention and When to Seek Medical Attention
Preventing mpox involves avoiding close contact with individuals who have a rash that looks like it. Avoid touching their rash or scabs and refrain from sharing personal items like bedding, towels, or clothing that might be contaminated. Practicing good hand hygiene by washing hands frequently with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer is also an effective preventive measure.
Vaccination is available and recommended for individuals at higher risk of exposure. The JYNNEOS vaccine is the preferred option and is administered as a two-dose series, typically four weeks apart. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals who are otherwise eligible can be offered the JYNNEOS vaccine after discussing the risks and benefits with a healthcare provider.
If you suspect you have mpox or have been in close contact with someone diagnosed with it, seek prompt medical attention. Contact your healthcare provider if you develop a new or unexplained rash, fever, aches, or swollen lymph nodes. Informing your provider about any potential exposure is important for appropriate testing and care. Most people recover without specific treatments, but some may require medical intervention, especially pregnant or breastfeeding individuals.