Prolonged use of a sanitary pad can cause skin irritation, often referred to as pad rash or contact dermatitis. This occurs due to the constant, close contact between the absorbent product and the sensitive skin of the vulva. The irritation is generally a reaction to the physical and chemical environment created by the pad, not a sign of poor hygiene.
Mechanisms of Skin Irritation
Prolonged pad use creates a microclimate that alters the skin’s natural balance. The skin remains in contact with sweat and menstrual fluid for extended periods. This constant dampness, known as maceration, weakens the skin’s protective outer layer, making it vulnerable to damage.
Friction, or chafing, occurs as the pad rubs against the skin with movement, causing mechanical irritation, redness, and minor abrasions. Furthermore, the pad acts as an occlusive layer, trapping heat and increasing the temperature. This elevated temperature promotes irritation and potential bacterial growth.
Chemical components within the pad can also contribute to skin reactions. Many conventional pads contain synthetic fibers, adhesives, or fragrances that act as irritants or allergens. These materials can trigger a direct chemical reaction on the skin.
Identifying Pad-Related Dermatitis
The resulting irritation is most commonly irritant contact dermatitis, which presents as a red, itchy, and inflamed rash. This condition is a direct reaction to the friction and moisture. Symptoms can range from a mild burning sensation to more severe soreness and visible chafing.
A less common reaction is allergic contact dermatitis, which is an immune system response to a specific ingredient in the pad, such as a dye, fragrance, or adhesive. Allergic reactions can involve intense itching, blistering, or swelling. The warm, moist environment also increases the risk of secondary conditions, such as intertrigo or the overgrowth of yeast, because the high humidity provides an ideal breeding ground for microorganisms.
Prevention Through Proper Hygiene and Product Choice
Frequent Changes and Hygiene
The most effective prevention method is changing the pad frequently, a measure that directly tackles the issues of moisture and heat retention. Experts suggest changing sanitary napkins every three to four hours, regardless of how light the menstrual flow may be. This practice reduces the skin’s prolonged exposure to dampness and potential chemical irritants within the collected fluid.
Focusing on gentle hygiene during changes is important for maintaining the skin barrier. The area should be cleaned using only warm water, avoiding harsh or scented soaps that strip the skin of its natural protection. After cleansing, ensure the skin is completely dry before applying a fresh pad to prevent maceration and friction.
Product Selection
Product choice plays a significant part in irritation prevention. Materials that are breathable and free of common irritants can reduce the risk of a reaction. Opting for unscented, dye-free pads made from natural or organic materials, such as cotton, minimizes exposure to common chemical triggers. For those prone to chafing, applying a thin layer of a barrier cream, like petroleum jelly, can physically reduce friction between the pad and the skin.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
While most pad-related irritation is mild and resolves with improved hygiene, certain symptoms indicate a need for professional medical evaluation. If the pain, itching, or redness persists or worsens after two to three days of changing pads more frequently and focusing on gentle cleansing, a healthcare provider should be consulted immediately. This persistence may signal a more significant case of contact dermatitis or a developing secondary infection.
Other serious signs require immediate attention:
- Fever
- The presence of pus
- A strong, unusual odor or discharge
- Severe swelling, blistering, or open sores that do not heal
Seeking prompt medical advice ensures a correct diagnosis and the appropriate prescription for treatment, which may involve antifungal or corticosteroid creams.