Uterine polyps are common growths within the uterus, often raising questions about their impact on pregnancy. These non-cancerous growths develop on the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. Individuals concerned about their fertility often wonder if uterine polyps could be a factor. Understanding polyps and their influence on conception is important.
What Are Uterine Polyps?
Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, are tissue growths from the inner lining of the uterus. They are typically benign, though rarely precancerous or cancerous. Sizes vary significantly, from a few millimeters to several centimeters. They attach to the uterine wall either by a broad base or a thin stalk, extending into the uterine cavity.
The exact cause of uterine polyps is not fully understood, but hormonal factors appear to play a significant role. Polyps are sensitive to estrogen, growing in response to the body’s estrogen levels. This hormonal influence may lead to an overgrowth of endometrial tissue, forming the polyps. While many polyps are asymptomatic, some can cause irregular menstrual bleeding, spotting between periods, or unusually heavy periods.
How Polyps Affect Fertility
Uterine polyps can interfere with conception and pregnancy. They can mechanically block fallopian tube openings, preventing sperm from reaching an egg, or obstruct sperm passage into the uterus. A polyp within the uterine cavity can also hinder a fertilized egg’s attachment to the uterine wall.
Beyond physical obstruction, polyps can disrupt the uterine environment needed for embryo implantation. Their presence may alter the uterine lining, making it less receptive for a developing embryo. Polyps can also induce a local inflammatory response, as the body may perceive them as foreign elements. This inflammation can create an unfavorable environment for implantation and early pregnancy, potentially reducing the likelihood of successful conception.
Identifying and Addressing Polyps
Identifying uterine polyps involves imaging techniques to visualize the uterus. Transvaginal ultrasound is often the initial method, though it may not always provide a definitive diagnosis. Saline infusion sonography (SIS), or sonohysterography, is a more detailed ultrasound where sterile saline is injected into the uterus to expand the cavity, providing a clearer view of the endometrial lining and any polyps.
Hysteroscopy is another diagnostic and often therapeutic procedure. A thin, lighted telescope called a hysteroscope is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus, allowing direct visualization of the uterine cavity. If polyps are identified, surgical removal (polypectomy) is the primary treatment, especially when fertility is a concern or symptoms are present. This procedure is frequently performed during hysteroscopy, enabling precise removal while preserving the uterine lining.
Conception After Polyp Treatment
The outlook for pregnancy after uterine polyps have been treated is often positive for individuals experiencing infertility. Studies indicate that removing polyps can significantly improve conception rates. Research suggests pregnancy rates can increase to around 63% after polyp removal, compared to lower rates when polyps are left untreated. Other studies report spontaneous pregnancy rates of over 60% following hysteroscopic polypectomy in previously infertile women.
Conception can often be attempted soon after the procedure, typically once the uterine lining has healed (within one or two menstrual cycles). While polypectomy aims to remove the growths, there is a possibility of polyps recurring over time. Despite this, polyp removal, particularly via hysteroscopy, substantially improves the chances of successful pregnancy. Consulting with a healthcare professional provides personalized guidance regarding recovery and when to attempt conception.