Uterine polyps are common, non-cancerous growths that develop from the inner lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. These growths attach to the uterine wall by a large base or a thin stalk and can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. They are typically soft, fleshy, and can occur as single growths or multiple growths within the uterine cavity.
Uterine Polyps and Bloating
While not universally reported, some individuals may experience bloating from uterine polyps. This can arise from several mechanisms. Larger polyps, especially those occupying a significant portion of the uterine cavity, might exert pressure on surrounding organs, contributing to abdominal distension or a feeling of fullness.
Inflammation triggered by a polyp could also lead to localized fluid retention, contributing to a bloated sensation in the lower abdomen. Additionally, abnormal uterine bleeding, common with polyps, can cause discomfort and swelling some interpret as bloating.
This differs from typical digestive bloating, often related to gas or dietary factors. Bloating from uterine polyps is more likely localized to the lower abdomen and may coincide with other gynecological symptoms, not digestive upset. The exact prevalence of bloating directly attributed to polyps is unknown, but it is a less common symptom compared to bleeding abnormalities.
Other Common Symptoms of Uterine Polyps
Abnormal uterine bleeding is the most frequent symptom. This includes heavy menstrual periods (menorrhagia), unusually prolonged or excessive bleeding, or bleeding between periods (metrorrhagia). Bleeding after menopause always warrants medical evaluation.
Uterine polyps can also cause irregular menstrual cycles, where the timing and duration of periods become unpredictable. This irregularity occurs because polyps can disrupt the normal shedding and rebuilding of the endometrial lining. For some individuals, polyps may contribute to difficulty conceiving or recurrent miscarriages, as their presence can interfere with embryo implantation or uterine function.
These bleeding patterns and irregularities occur because polyps are an overgrowth of endometrial tissue, highly sensitive to hormonal fluctuations. Their presence can lead to localized irritation, inflammation, and abnormal blood vessel formation, contributing to varied bleeding symptoms. The specific symptoms an individual experiences often depend on the polyp’s size, number, and location.
Diagnosing Uterine Polyps and When to Seek Medical Attention
Diagnosis typically begins with a review of symptoms and a physical examination. Imaging techniques then visualize the uterine cavity. Transvaginal ultrasound is often the first diagnostic tool, using sound waves to create images of the uterus and detect growths within the endometrium.
Saline infusion sonography (sonohysterography) provides a more detailed view. During this procedure, sterile saline solution is gently introduced into the uterus, which distends the cavity for clearer visualization of polyps during an ultrasound. Hysteroscopy is the most definitive diagnostic method, involving insertion of a thin, lighted telescope-like instrument through the vagina and cervix into the uterus. This allows direct visualization of the uterine cavity and identification of polyps.
Seek medical attention if you experience persistent or concerning symptoms that could indicate uterine polyps. These include abnormal uterine bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, unusually heavy or prolonged menstrual flow, or any bleeding after menopause. Unexplained or persistent bloating, particularly if accompanied by other gynecological symptoms, also warrants discussion with a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause.
Treatment Approaches for Uterine Polyps
Treatment for uterine polyps depends on several factors: their size, number, symptom severity, and whether the individual is postmenopausal or trying to conceive. For small, asymptomatic polyps, a “watchful waiting” approach may be recommended, involving monitoring them over time. This is less common for symptomatic polyps.
Surgical removal is the primary treatment for symptomatic polyps or those raising concern for malignancy. Hysteroscopic polypectomy is the most common surgical procedure. During this minimally invasive procedure, a hysteroscope is inserted into the uterus, allowing the surgeon to visualize and remove the polyp using specialized instruments. This method effectively relieves symptoms and obtains tissue for pathological examination to rule out cancerous changes.
Hormonal therapy might be considered to manage symptoms like abnormal bleeding, though it is not a direct treatment for the polyps. The main goal of treatment is to alleviate discomfort, resolve abnormal bleeding, and ensure the growths are benign. Removal can also improve fertility outcomes for individuals experiencing difficulty conceiving due to polyps.