Uterine growths are tissue enlargements that can develop within the uterus. While commonly called “cysts,” medically they encompass various conditions. The vast majority are benign, but a small percentage can be malignant. Seeking accurate information is a beneficial first step.
Common Uterine Growths and Cancer Risk
The uterus can develop several types of growths, most of which are not cancerous. Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas, are the most common non-cancerous tumors found in the uterus. These are overwhelmingly benign, affecting a significant portion of women by age 50.
While fibroids are common, a rare malignant counterpart called leiomyosarcoma can arise. Benign fibroids do not transform into these cancerous forms; instead, they are distinct conditions. Leiomyosarcomas are rare, occurring in approximately 3 to 7 out of every 100,000 women in the United States.
Another common uterine growth is adenomyosis, a condition where the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows into its muscular wall. Adenomyosis is benign and does not directly cause cancer. However, some research suggests a potential link to an increased risk of endometrial cancer, although direct malignant transformation of adenomyosis itself is uncommon, reported in around 1% of cases.
Endometrial polyps are overgrowths of the uterine lining, which can vary in size and number. These polyps are non-cancerous, but they carry a small risk of malignancy. The risk of an endometrial polyp being cancerous is about 1.3% overall, increasing to nearly 5% in postmenopausal women. Endometrial hyperplasia, characterized by an increased number of cells in the uterine lining, is a benign condition that can sometimes progress to cancer.
Identifying Potential Malignancy
Distinguishing between benign and potentially malignant uterine growths requires medical evaluation, as symptoms alone are not sufficient for diagnosis. Abnormal vaginal bleeding is the most common symptom that may raise suspicion for uterine cancer. This can include bleeding between menstrual periods, unusually heavy or prolonged periods, or any vaginal bleeding after menopause. Other concerning symptoms include unusual vaginal discharge that could be watery or have an unpleasant odor.
Pelvic pain or pressure, abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel or bladder habits like frequent or painful urination can also be signs that warrant investigation. A rapidly growing mass in the abdomen or pelvis might also be a sign of a more aggressive growth like leiomyosarcoma. These symptoms can overlap with many benign conditions, making professional medical assessment important.
Healthcare professionals employ various diagnostic tools to evaluate uterine growths. A pelvic exam is often the initial step to check for any abnormalities or masses. Imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasound provide detailed images of the uterus, allowing for assessment of endometrial thickness and the presence of any masses. More advanced imaging like MRI or CT scans may be used to further characterize growths and determine if they have spread.
The definitive diagnosis of malignancy relies on a biopsy, where a tissue sample is removed and examined by a pathologist. This can involve an endometrial biopsy, or a dilation and curettage (D&C) or hysteroscopy, which allows for direct visualization of the uterine lining and targeted tissue removal. Only through pathological examination of the tissue can cancer be confirmed.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
Prompt medical attention is advisable for several specific symptoms related to uterine health. If you experience persistent or worsening pelvic pain, especially if it is unrelated to your menstrual cycle, consult a healthcare provider. Any abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly bleeding between periods or any bleeding after menopause, should prompt a visit.
A rapid increase in the size of a known uterine growth or the development of new symptoms after menopause also warrants immediate evaluation. Other concerning signs include difficulty with urination, changes in bowel habits, or unexplained weight loss. Regular gynecological check-ups are important for maintaining reproductive health and for the early detection of any potential issues. While most uterine growths are not cancerous, early detection and proper diagnosis are important for effective management.