Trichomoniasis, often called “trich,” is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a microscopic parasite named Trichomonas vaginalis. This parasite typically infects the lower genital tract in women, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, or urethra, and the urethra in men. While many people with trichomoniasis do not experience symptoms, it can lead to various health concerns if left untreated.
Trichomoniasis and Infertility: The Connection
Trichomoniasis does not directly cause infertility, but it can significantly increase the risk of reproductive health issues if left untreated. The parasite causes inflammation and damage to genital tract tissues. This chronic inflammation creates an environment less conducive to conception and may contribute to scarring or structural changes over time. Untreated trichomoniasis is linked to decreased fertility in both men and women, as the parasite disrupts the reproductive system’s normal cellular architecture and immune balance.
Specific Impacts on Reproductive Systems
In women, untreated trichomoniasis can lead to chronic inflammation within the reproductive tract. This inflammation can contribute to the development of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a condition where infection spreads to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. PID can cause scarring of the fallopian tubes, which may obstruct the path for eggs to be fertilized, thereby impacting fertility. The resulting tubal damage also increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy, where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often in a fallopian tube.
For men, Trichomonas vaginalis infection has been associated with conditions such as urethritis (inflammation of the urethra), prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), and epididymitis (inflammation of the tube that stores sperm). These inflammatory conditions can negatively affect male fertility. Research indicates that the parasite can reduce sperm motility, viability, and normal morphology. While the link to male infertility is considered less direct than in women, these impacts on sperm quality can still hinder reproductive success.
Diagnosis and Effective Treatment
Diagnosing trichomoniasis involves a physical examination and laboratory tests. A healthcare provider may collect a fluid sample from the vagina or penis using a cotton swab. This sample can be examined under a microscope to identify the parasite. If the parasite is not visible, further tests like genetic testing (nucleic acid amplification tests, NAAT) or culture tests may be performed for diagnosis.
Trichomoniasis is a curable infection, typically treated with antibiotics. The standard treatment involves oral medications such as metronidazole or tinidazole. These antibiotics work by disrupting the parasite’s DNA, leading to its death. A healthcare provider may prescribe a single large dose or a seven-day course of smaller doses. Completing the entire course of medication is important, even if symptoms improve, to ensure the infection is fully cleared.
Treating all sexual partners simultaneously is important to prevent reinfection. Patients are advised to abstain from sexual activity until both they and their partners have completed treatment and symptoms have resolved, usually about one week after finishing medication.
Importance of Early Intervention and Prevention
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of trichomoniasis are important to prevent long-term complications, including impacts on fertility. Untreated infections can persist for months or even years, increasing the risk of reproductive damage. Beyond fertility concerns, untreated trichomoniasis can also increase susceptibility to other health issues, such as an increased risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV.
For pregnant individuals, untreated trichomoniasis can lead to complications such as preterm delivery or low birth weight in infants. Regular screening for sexually active individuals, especially those with new or multiple sexual partners, is a prevention strategy. Consistent and correct use of condoms during sexual activity also reduces the risk of getting or spreading trichomoniasis and other STIs.