The link between dental infections and heart problems is a subject of increasing scientific focus. Evidence suggests that issues originating in the mouth can have systemic consequences, potentially impacting the health of the cardiovascular system. This oral-systemic relationship highlights that maintaining healthy teeth and gums contributes to the prevention of serious health conditions.
The Role of Oral Infections
The primary entry points for systemic problems are chronic gum disease and acute infections like dental abscesses. Periodontal disease, which includes gingivitis and periodontitis, is a persistent bacterial infection that causes inflammation and the gradual destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth. As the condition worsens, pockets form between the gums and teeth, creating a large, constantly exposed surface area rich in bacteria.
Acute infections, such as a periapical abscess at the tip of a tooth root, represent a localized collection of pus and bacteria. Both chronic periodontitis and acute abscesses compromise the integrity of the protective tissue barrier surrounding the teeth. This breakdown allows oral bacteria and their byproducts to enter the blood supply beneath the gums, initiating a pathway to the rest of the body.
How Bacteria and Inflammation Travel
Oral bacteria enter the bloodstream through transient bacteremia, which occurs when the protective barrier of the gums is breached. Everyday activities like chewing, brushing, or flossing can introduce bacteria into the circulation, especially when gum inflammation is present. Once in the bloodstream, these microorganisms can travel throughout the body, including to the heart and blood vessels.
The body’s response to persistent oral infection is characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation. The immune system releases various signaling molecules, known as inflammatory mediators, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines like Interleukin-6 (IL-6). These molecules circulate systemically, acting as messengers that promote inflammation far beyond the initial site of infection.
This sustained systemic inflammation affects the lining of blood vessels, called the endothelium, making it dysfunctional. The inflammatory mediators contribute to changes in the vessel walls, which promote the development of plaque buildup. Furthermore, some oral pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, have been detected directly within atherosclerotic plaques. This suggests a role in the initiation and progression of vascular disease.
Heart and Vascular Conditions Affected
The most direct connection between oral infection and heart health is infective endocarditis, a rare but potentially fatal infection of the heart’s inner lining or valves. Oral bacteria, particularly certain species of Streptococcus, can adhere to damaged or artificial heart valves, where they multiply and form destructive vegetations. Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, such as prosthetic valves or a history of endocarditis, are at a higher risk.
Chronic inflammation originating from the mouth also contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup. The continuous exposure of the circulatory system to inflammatory cytokines accelerates this process, increasing the risk for coronary artery disease. People with periodontitis have a two to three times greater risk of experiencing a heart attack or other cardiovascular event.
The systemic effects of oral infection similarly increase the risk of ischemic stroke. Inflammation and the presence of bacteria can promote the formation of blood clots and contribute to the narrowing of the carotid arteries. If a clot travels or narrowed vessels lead to the brain, blood flow can be blocked, causing a stroke.
Reducing Your Risk Through Dental Care
Reducing the risk of systemic complications begins with consistent, high-quality oral hygiene practices. This includes brushing teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and cleaning between teeth daily using floss or interdental brushes to remove plaque and prevent gum disease. Regular professional dental cleanings and check-ups are necessary to remove hardened plaque, called calculus, that cannot be removed at home.
Prompt intervention is important if an infection develops. Any signs of an acute oral infection, such as severe pain, swelling, or a dental abscess, should be addressed by a dentist immediately. Treating the infection removes the source of the high bacterial load and reduces the systemic inflammatory burden. If a person has a history of heart issues or experiences symptoms like unexplained fever or fatigue alongside a dental infection, they should consult both their dentist and a primary care physician to coordinate care.