Compression is a common method used to manage and reduce swelling in various parts of the body. It works by applying external pressure to counteract fluid buildup. However, a common question arises: can too much compression actually cause swelling? The straightforward answer is yes; excessive compression can indeed lead to or worsen swelling.
The Role of Compression
Properly applied compression serves beneficial purposes in managing fluid balance within the body. It helps reduce swelling by increasing external pressure, which counteracts the leakage of fluid from small blood vessels called capillaries into surrounding tissues. This pressure also supports the walls of veins, thereby improving the return of blood to the heart and reducing the pooling of blood in the limbs.
Compression also assists the lymphatic system, a network responsible for collecting and returning excess interstitial fluid and proteins to the bloodstream. By gently encouraging the movement of lymphatic fluid, compression aids in removing cellular waste and promotes overall tissue healing. This technique is frequently used after injuries, to address lymphatic issues, or to help prevent blood clots.
How Too Much Compression Can Cause Swelling
While beneficial when correctly applied, excessive compression can disrupt the body’s delicate fluid exchange, leading to increased swelling. If a compression garment or bandage is too tight, especially higher up on a limb, it can impede the flow of blood out of the limb. This obstruction causes blood to pool in smaller vessels, increasing pressure and forcing more fluid into the surrounding tissues.
Overly tight pressure can also compress and potentially collapse the delicate lymphatic vessels. When these vessels are blocked, the removal of interstitial fluid and proteins is prevented, leading to a buildup of fluid and worsening swelling.
In severe instances, extreme compression might even restrict arterial blood flow, which delivers oxygenated blood to tissues. Reduced arterial supply can cause tissue damage and subsequent inflammation, further contributing to swelling.
Identifying Signs of Over-Compression
Recognizing the signs that compression might be too tight is important for preventing adverse effects. One common indicator is new or increased pain, throbbing, or general discomfort in the affected area. Sensations like numbness, tingling, or a “pins and needles” feeling are also strong signals of over-compression.
Other physical signs can include the skin below the compression feeling cool or cold to the touch. You might also notice pale, bluish, or purplish discoloration of the skin, or a delayed return of color when the skin is pressed and released, known as blanching. Ironically, worsening swelling below the compressed area is a direct sign that the compression is too restrictive, creating a “tourniquet effect.” Skin irritation, redness, or blistering can also indicate excessive pressure.
Steps to Take for Swelling
If you suspect your compression device is causing or worsening swelling, immediate action is advised. The first step is to adjust the compression or remove the device entirely to relieve the excessive pressure. Elevating the affected limb above heart level can also help by using gravity to assist in fluid drainage.
After adjusting or removing the compression, closely observe the limb for changes in color, temperature, sensation, and the amount of swelling. While a cold pack might help reduce inflammation, it should be applied carefully and never directly to the skin.
If symptoms persist, worsen, or if you experience severe signs like persistent numbness, extreme pain, or significant skin discoloration, it is important to consult a healthcare professional. A doctor can assess the cause of the swelling and provide guidance on appropriate compression techniques or alternative treatments.