Tonsillitis, an inflammation of the tonsils, usually affects both sides of the throat, but it can also occur on only one side, known as unilateral tonsillitis. This article explores the reasons why tonsillitis might affect a single tonsil, the specific symptoms to observe, and when to seek professional medical advice.
Why Tonsillitis Affects One Side
Unilateral tonsillitis can stem from several factors, such as the specific infectious agent involved, the initial point of infection, or the body’s immune response. While tonsillitis is commonly caused by viruses like those responsible for the common cold or flu, bacterial infections also play a significant role. For instance, Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat) can cause an infection concentrated on one side. Viruses like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which causes infectious mononucleosis, can also lead to unilateral tonsil inflammation.
The initial entry point of bacteria or viruses might be localized to one tonsil, leading to predominant inflammation on that side of the throat. Infections from neighboring areas, such as a tooth abscess or gum infection, can also spread and inflame the adjacent tonsil. Additionally, localized trauma or irritation to one tonsil, perhaps from consuming sharp or abrasive food, could make it more susceptible to a one-sided infection.
Key Symptoms of Unilateral Tonsillitis
When tonsillitis affects only one side, a prominent symptom is sharp or throbbing pain on that side of the throat, which typically worsens when swallowing. This discomfort can make eating and drinking particularly challenging. Examination of the throat may reveal visible swelling and redness of only one tonsil, sometimes accompanied by white spots or a coating on its surface, or pus.
Pain associated with unilateral tonsillitis can also extend beyond the throat itself. Referred pain, where discomfort radiates to the ear on the same side as the inflamed tonsil, is common. This occurs because nerves supplying the tonsils and throat are intricately connected to those in the ear. While throat discomfort is predominantly one-sided, other general infection symptoms like fever, fatigue, and headache may also be present. Swollen lymph nodes, particularly on the affected side of the neck, are also a common finding, as these nodes work to filter pathogens.
Understanding Peritonsillar Abscess
A peritonsillar abscess, often referred to as quinsy, represents a severe condition that often causes intense unilateral throat pain. This condition is a collection of pus that forms behind one of the tonsils, typically as a complication of bacterial tonsillitis. While it shares some symptoms with general tonsillitis, several distinct red-flag indicators differentiate it.
Individuals with a peritonsillar abscess often report rapidly worsening and severe pain on one side of the throat. A characteristic symptom is difficulty opening the mouth widely, a condition known as trismus, due to muscle spasms in the jaw. The voice may also sound muffled, often described as a “hot potato” voice, and painful swallowing can lead to drooling. The uvula, the small fleshy projection at the back of the throat, may also be displaced towards the unaffected side. Because of potential airway obstruction and infection spread, a peritonsillar abscess requires immediate medical attention.
When to Seek Medical Attention and What to Expect
Prompt medical attention is advised for one-sided throat symptoms, especially if they are severe or accompanied by specific warning signs. Seek immediate care if you experience:
Severe difficulty breathing
Significant trouble swallowing
An inability to open the mouth widely
A muffled voice
Excessive drooling
A high fever, symptoms that are not improving, or those that are worsening also warrant a visit to a healthcare professional.
During a medical examination, a healthcare provider will visually inspect the throat for redness, swelling, and any visible pus or displacement of the uvula. They may also gently feel the neck to check for swollen and tender lymph nodes. A throat swab might be taken to identify if bacteria, such as Group A Streptococcus, are causing the infection. Treatment varies based on diagnosis; bacterial infections typically require antibiotics, while viral cases are managed with supportive care like pain relief and hydration. Completing the full course of prescribed medication and getting ample rest are important for recovery.