An intrauterine device, commonly known as an IUD, is a small, T-shaped device placed inside the uterus by a healthcare provider. It functions as long-acting reversible contraception, offering effective birth control for several years, typically three to over ten depending on the type. IUDs interfere with sperm’s ability to fertilize an egg, either by releasing hormones that thicken cervical mucus and thin the uterine lining, or by releasing copper, which creates an environment toxic to sperm.
Understanding IUD Movement
An IUD can move from its initial placement within the uterus, though significant displacement is not common. Movement can refer to partial displacement (shifting within the uterus), complete expulsion (falling out entirely), or, rarely, uterine perforation (penetrating the uterine wall).
The risk of IUD movement is low. Complete expulsion occurs in approximately 2% to 10% of users, most often within the first year. Uterine perforation is even less common, estimated at 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 10,000 insertions. Understanding these infrequent events helps in recognizing potential issues.
Signs and Causes of IUD Movement
Several signs might indicate that an IUD has moved from its correct position. A common indicator is a change in the length of the IUD strings; they might feel shorter, longer, or become entirely absent when checked. New or worsening pelvic pain, severe cramping, or persistent abdominal discomfort can also be a sign of displacement. Additionally, abnormal bleeding patterns, such as heavier or prolonged periods or spotting between cycles, may suggest an issue with the IUD’s placement. In some cases, a person might even feel the IUD itself, particularly if it has partially expelled.
An IUD might shift within the uterus for various reasons. Heavy menstrual bleeding or severe uterine cramping, especially during the first few months, can increase displacement or expulsion risk. The initial placement technique by the healthcare provider also plays a role; an incorrectly inserted IUD may be more prone to moving. Certain uterine conditions, like fibroids or an unusually shaped uterus, can also make it challenging for the IUD to remain securely in place.
Actions and Implications of IUD Movement
If an IUD is suspected to have moved, contact a healthcare provider immediately. Regularly self-checking the IUD strings can help in early detection. If strings feel different, are missing, or new symptoms arise, seek medical attention promptly rather than attempting to adjust the IUD yourself.
A displaced IUD primarily means reduced effectiveness in preventing pregnancy, increasing the risk of unintended pregnancy, even with partial expulsion. Beyond contraceptive failure, a moved IUD can lead to complications like persistent pain, increased risk of pelvic infection, or, in cases of perforation, damage to the uterine wall or surrounding organs.
Healthcare providers typically use a pelvic exam, ultrasound, or X-ray to diagnose IUD position. Management may involve removing the displaced IUD and, if desired, replacing it after assessing the underlying cause.