Asthma involves chronic inflammation, which makes the airways sensitive and prone to narrowing. Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection that attacks the respiratory system. The flu is a significant and common trigger for asthma exacerbations, often leading to severe flare-ups in people with pre-existing lung conditions. This interaction between the viral infection and the chronic inflammatory state of the lungs makes contracting influenza a serious concern for anyone with asthma.
How Influenza Affects Asthmatic Airways
The influenza virus directly infects the cells lining the respiratory tract, causing irritation and an immune response. This infection introduces a new layer of inflammation to airways that are already chronically inflamed and hyper-responsive. The body’s attempt to fight the virus leads to the release of inflammatory mediators and immune cells into the lungs.
The immune system’s reaction activates specific cells that secrete compounds causing airway hyperreactivity. This hyperreactivity is the hallmark of an asthma attack, where the bronchial tubes become excessively sensitive and constrict easily. The inflammation caused by the virus results in swelling, increased mucus production, and a narrowing of the air passages. The combined effect of viral infection and underlying asthma can make breathing significantly more difficult than either condition alone.
Signs of an Asthma Flare Triggered by the Flu
Recognizing the signs of an asthma flare-up while experiencing the flu is important, as the symptoms can overlap. Typical flu symptoms include a sudden onset of fever, headache, extreme body aches, and fatigue. However, a triggered asthma exacerbation presents with specific respiratory distress beyond the standard viral cough.
An asthmatic flare often involves wheezing and persistent chest tightness. The need to use a quick-relief or rescue inhaler more often than usual indicates worsening asthma control. Signs of a serious flare include:
- Difficulty speaking in complete sentences.
- A rapid drop in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) readings on a peak flow meter.
- A cough that will not stop.
- Severe shortness of breath, confusion, or a bluish tint to the lips or fingernails, which require immediate medical attention.
Protecting Against Flu Triggers and Managing Attacks
Receiving the annual influenza vaccine is the primary preventative measure for people with asthma. The flu shot reduces the chance of contracting the virus and can lessen the severity of the illness if infection still occurs. High-risk groups, including those with asthma, should receive the vaccine as soon as it becomes available each season.
Good hygiene practices are a powerful defense against the flu virus. Frequent hand washing, avoiding touching the eyes, nose, and mouth, and staying away from people who are visibly sick can lower the risk of infection. These steps minimize exposure to the virus that can trigger a severe asthma response.
If a person with asthma contracts the flu, consult a healthcare provider immediately regarding antiviral medication options. Early treatment with antivirals, often within 48 hours of symptom onset, can shorten the duration of the flu and reduce the severity of respiratory complications. It is also important to maintain consistent use of prescribed long-term control medications.
An Asthma Action Plan is a necessary tool for managing attacks. This plan outlines specific steps for adjusting controller and rescue medications based on symptoms or peak flow readings. If a rescue inhaler does not provide relief within a few minutes, or if symptoms rapidly worsen, the action plan directs the individual to seek emergency medical care. Following this protocol is the best way to manage symptoms at home and know when to get professional help.