Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs, leading to symptoms that can range from mild to severe. Asthma, in contrast, is a chronic lung condition where the airways become swollen, narrow, and produce excess mucus, making breathing difficult. It is characterized by ongoing inflammation and symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. This article explores the relationship between the flu and asthma, examining its potential role in asthma development and its impact on those already living with the condition.
Flu’s Impact on Existing Asthma
Influenza viruses are a common trigger for asthma exacerbations, often referred to as “attacks.” When a person with asthma contracts the flu, the virus can cause increased inflammation and narrowing of their already sensitive airways. This can worsen typical asthma symptoms, including heightened wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and persistent coughing.
Individuals with asthma face an increased likelihood of developing serious flu complications, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus infections. Asthma is one of the health conditions most frequently observed among both children and adults who require hospitalization due to the flu.
The Link to New-Onset Asthma
While the flu itself does not directly cause asthma, which is a chronic condition influenced by various factors, its role in respiratory health is complex. Research indicates that severe respiratory infections, including those caused by viruses like influenza, during early childhood can increase the risk of developing asthma later in life. This connection is particularly evident with lower respiratory tract infections.
The emerging understanding suggests that early viral illnesses, possibly interacting with genetic predispositions or environmental allergens, can influence the maturation of the immune system. This can lead to lasting inflammatory changes in the airways, thereby increasing an individual’s susceptibility to asthma.
How Flu Affects the Airways
The influenza virus affects the respiratory system by inducing inflammation within the airways. This inflammatory response results in increased mucus production and a noticeable narrowing of the bronchial tubes, which makes breathing more difficult.
Flu infections can also lead to bronchial hyperresponsiveness, a state where the airways become overly reactive to various stimuli. This heightened reactivity means that the airways are more prone to easily triggered bronchospasms, where the muscles around the airways tighten. The body’s immune response to the viral infection, while essential for fighting off the virus, can inadvertently contribute to airway obstruction and respiratory symptoms by releasing pro-inflammatory substances.
Protecting Lung Health During Flu Season
Annual flu vaccination is a primary strategy to protect against influenza and its potential complications. Getting vaccinated is recommended for individuals with asthma, as it can reduce the risk of severe illness and asthma exacerbations. Most injectable flu vaccines are considered safe for people with asthma.
Practicing good hygiene significantly helps limit the spread of flu and other respiratory viruses. This includes frequent handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after coughing, sneezing, or being in public spaces. Avoiding touching the eyes, nose, and mouth also reduces the chance of germs entering the body.
Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or the elbow, and immediately disposing of used tissues, helps contain respiratory droplets. Individuals with asthma should closely follow their personalized asthma action plan, which provides guidance on managing their condition and adjusting medications during symptom worsening. Having rescue medications readily available is also advisable. Consulting a doctor for any significant changes in symptoms is important. Staying home when feeling unwell also helps prevent further transmission to others.