Tartar, also known as dental calculus, is a hard, mineralized deposit that forms on teeth when dental plaque is not removed through daily cleaning. This hardened substance creates a persistent source of malodor, medically known as halitosis. Because tartar cannot be eliminated by simple brushing or mouthwash, its buildup is closely linked to chronic bad breath.
Plaque Versus Tartar
Dental plaque is a soft, sticky film composed of bacteria, food debris, and saliva that constantly forms on the teeth. Plaque can be effectively removed by thorough brushing and flossing within a 24-hour period. If left undisturbed, plaque absorbs minerals like calcium and phosphate from saliva. This mineralization process causes the soft plaque to harden into tartar, which strongly bonds to the tooth enamel. Tartar is a crust-like deposit, typically yellow or brown, that cannot be scraped off with a toothbrush.
The Odor Mechanism
Tartar causes bad breath because its physical structure provides an ideal sanctuary for odor-producing bacteria. The surface of tartar is rough and porous, offering numerous microscopic crevices where bacteria can hide from the mechanical action of brushing. These protected anaerobic bacteria metabolize tiny food particles and proteins that are trapped within the tartar deposits. The byproduct of this bacterial digestion is the release of foul-smelling gases called Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs). These VSCs are responsible for the unpleasant odor associated with halitosis. Furthermore, the rough texture of existing tartar provides an easier surface for new layers of soft plaque to adhere to, creating a vicious cycle of buildup and intensified odor. Since the bacteria are sheltered within the hardened mass, the bad breath persists until the tartar itself is physically removed.
Professional Treatment
Once plaque has calcified into tartar, it cannot be removed through any at-home method, including diligent brushing, flossing, or using over-the-counter mouthwash. Professional intervention by a dental hygienist or dentist is required to eliminate this hardened deposit. The standard treatment is a procedure called scaling, which involves using specialized instruments to physically scrape the tartar off the tooth surface, both above and below the gum line. For cases where the tartar has progressed beneath the gum line, a deeper cleaning known as root planing may be necessary. Root planing involves smoothing the tooth root surfaces to remove bacterial toxins and prevent future plaque and tartar from easily reattaching. Removing this hard, bacteria-harboring source is the only way to resolve halitosis that is directly caused by existing tartar buildup. This non-surgical process is highly effective at reducing the harmful bacteria and allowing the gum tissues to heal.
Daily Prevention Strategies
Preventing tartar involves consistently removing soft plaque before it mineralizes and hardens, a process that can begin in as little as 48 hours. Brushing the teeth twice daily with a fluoride toothpaste is necessary, ensuring all tooth surfaces are cleaned for a full two minutes. Using proper technique, particularly along the gum line, helps disrupt the initial bacterial film. Flossing or using interdental cleaners at least once a day is equally important, as this removes plaque from the tight spaces between teeth and beneath the gum line where a toothbrush cannot reach. Incorporating an anti-plaque or antimicrobial mouthwash can also help reduce the bacterial load in the mouth, adding a layer of defense against plaque formation. These daily habits are the most effective way to stop plaque from becoming tartar and maintain a healthy mouth.