Sinusitis, or a sinus infection, is inflammation of the tissue lining the sinuses, air-filled spaces behind the forehead, cheeks, and eyes. This inflammation can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or allergies. Swimming can contribute to sinus problems and infections.
Why Swimming Can Lead to Sinus Problems
Water entering the nasal passages during swimming can physically irritate the delicate sinus lining. Submerging the head or diving underwater can alter pressure in the nasal passages, potentially forcing water into the sinus cavities. This mechanical irritation alone can lead to discomfort and congestion.
Chemicals like chlorine in pool water can irritate or damage sinus mucous membranes. This chemical exposure causes swelling, making tissues more susceptible to inflammation and infection. Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, or fungi, found in various water bodies can also enter the sinuses.
Once water containing these microbes is trapped in the sinuses, the warm, moist environment creates an ideal breeding ground for them to multiply, potentially leading to an infection.
Repeated irritation or exposure to cold water can also impair the natural defense mechanisms of the nasal passages. Cold water, for example, can cause blood vessels in the nose to constrict and then dilate, contributing to congestion. The tiny, hair-like structures called cilia, which normally sweep mucus and trapped particles out of the sinuses, may become less effective, allowing pathogens to linger and establish an infection.
Signs of a Sinus Infection
A sinus infection often presents with specific symptoms. These include nasal congestion, facial pain or pressure around the eyes, forehead, and cheeks, and headaches. Individuals might also experience discolored nasal discharge, yellow or green, a reduced sense of smell, fatigue, and a low-grade fever.
Distinguishing a sinus infection from a common cold or allergies involves noting the duration and specific characteristics of symptoms. Sinus infection symptoms often persist for more than 10 days, unlike most colds which typically resolve sooner. Sometimes, symptoms of a sinus infection may initially improve but then worsen. Allergies, by contrast, frequently involve itchy eyes and nose, and usually produce clear, watery mucus rather than thick, discolored discharge.
Seeking medical attention is advisable if symptoms last longer than 10 days without improvement or if they significantly worsen. Severe facial pain or headache, a fever lasting more than three to four days, or any changes in vision or swelling around the eyes warrant immediate medical evaluation. These could indicate a more serious condition requiring prompt treatment.
Preventing and Managing Swimming-Related Sinus Issues
Preventing water from entering the nasal passages is a primary strategy for avoiding swimming-related sinus problems. Wearing a nose clip or nasal plugs can effectively block water entry, reducing exposure to irritants and potential pathogens. Swimmers can also learn to exhale gently through their nose while underwater, creating positive pressure that prevents water from entering.
After swimming, using a saline nasal rinse can help flush out any irritants, chemicals, or microorganisms that may have entered the sinuses. When using devices like neti pots for rinsing, it is important to use distilled or previously boiled and cooled water to prevent introducing new contaminants. Choosing swimming locations with well-maintained water quality and avoiding pools immediately after chlorine treatments can further minimize exposure to irritants and bacteria. Individuals experiencing a cold or allergies should consider avoiding swimming, as their sinuses may already be inflamed and more vulnerable to infection.
If a sinus infection develops, several management strategies can help alleviate symptoms. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can help reduce discomfort. Decongestant nasal sprays or oral decongestants may also provide relief from congestion. Staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids helps to thin mucus, making it easier to drain.
Getting adequate rest allows the body to recover and fight off infection. Using a humidifier can add moisture to the air, helping keep nasal passages from drying out and easing congestion. Applying warm compresses to the face can reduce pain and promote drainage. Elevating the head during sleep can encourage mucus drainage. If symptoms are severe, persist, or worsen, consulting a doctor is important, as a bacterial infection may require prescription antibiotics.