A scalp sunburn occurs when the skin on the head is exposed to excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation, leading to damage. The scalp is susceptible to sun damage, often unprotected due to the misconception that hair provides sufficient coverage.
Understanding Scalp Sunburn and Hair Follicles
Scalp sunburn results from overexposure to UV radiation, causing inflammation and skin damage. Immediate signs typically include redness, tenderness, and a warm sensation. Over several days, the affected skin may peel, resembling dandruff. The scalp is particularly vulnerable to sun exposure, especially along the hairline, part lines, or in areas with thinning hair.
Hair follicles are small structures within the skin responsible for producing hair. Each follicle contains a hair bulb at its base, housing dermal papilla and hair matrix cells crucial for hair growth. Follicle cells actively change during the hair’s growth cycle.
How Sunburn Impacts Hair Growth
UV radiation can damage hair follicles and skin cells, affecting hair growth. UV exposure generates free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and DNA damage within follicular cells. This damage can reduce the proliferation of keratinocytes, cells essential for hair formation.
A severe sunburn can disrupt the natural hair growth cycle (anagen, catagen, telogen phases). Inflammation or trauma from a significant burn can prematurely push many hair follicles into the telogen phase. This can result in temporary, diffuse hair shedding (telogen effluvium), which typically occurs a few months after the inciting event and is generally reversible as the scalp heals.
While temporary hair loss is more common, severe, deep burns can cause permanent damage to hair follicles through scarring. This scarring alopecia can prevent future hair growth in the affected areas. Repeated, chronic sun exposure leading to cumulative damage can also contribute to irreversible hair loss in localized regions.
Preventing Scalp Sunburn
Protecting the scalp from sun exposure is important for maintaining scalp health and preventing hair issues. Wearing protective headwear, such as wide-brimmed hats, provides a physical barrier against UV rays. Hats with a UPF (Ultraviolet Protection Factor) rating offer enhanced protection.
Scalp-specific sunscreens are available in various forms, including sprays, gels, and powders. When applying, part the hair to ensure direct application to exposed skin, especially along the part line and hairline. Sunscreen should be applied at least 15 minutes before sun exposure and reapplied every two hours, or more frequently if sweating or swimming.
Seeking shade, particularly during peak sun hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.), reduces overall UV exposure. Certain hairstyles that expose more of the scalp, such as tight ponytails or braids, may require extra attention to sun protection.
Managing a Sunburned Scalp
If a scalp sunburn occurs, immediate care can help alleviate discomfort and promote healing. Applying cool compresses or taking cool showers can soothe the burning sensation. After showering, gently pat the scalp dry.
Moisturizers containing aloe vera or soy can provide a soothing effect and aid in skin recovery. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, can help manage pain and inflammation. Avoid harsh shampoos, heat styling tools, and tight hairstyles while the scalp is healing. Drinking plenty of water also supports overall skin hydration and healing.
Medical attention should be sought if the scalp sunburn is severe, indicated by symptoms such as blistering, intense pain, significant swelling, or signs of infection (pus, red streaks). Other warning signs include fever, chills, nausea, headache, or confusion. Most temporary hair loss resulting from a sunburn typically resolves as the scalp fully recovers.