When people see a squirrel foraging, they often offer a quick snack like bread, assuming it provides easy energy. However, tossing out bread crumbs can be detrimental to a squirrel’s health and well-being. Understanding a squirrel’s specialized dietary needs reveals why this staple of the human diet is not appropriate for them.
Why Bread is Not Suitable for Squirrels
Bread is widely available and easily consumed by squirrels, but it offers minimal nutritional value for their demanding metabolism. The primary issue is that bread is a processed food, largely composed of simple carbohydrates and starch. A squirrel’s digestive system is not designed to process these efficiently, and the food lacks the complexity and density of the nuts, seeds, and fungi that make up their natural diet.
Ingesting dry bread presents a physical risk, as it may swell when it absorbs moisture in the digestive tract, potentially leading to blockages or bloating. Furthermore, bread can quickly develop mold, which is toxic to wildlife and can cause severe illness. Even if consumed without immediate physical harm, the food displaces space in the stomach that should be filled with nutrient-dense items.
The Health Consequences of Empty Calories
A squirrel’s diet requires a specific balance of protein, fat, and micronutrients to support its active lifestyle. Bread is classified as an “empty calorie” food because it is high in carbohydrates but deficient in the necessary elements for long-term health. When a squirrel fills up on simple starches, it misses out on the protein required for muscle maintenance and the healthy fats needed for energy storage and insulation.
A significant concern is the lack of calcium relative to phosphorus in a bread-heavy diet, which disrupts calcium absorption in the gut. This imbalance can lead to Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD), where the body draws calcium from the bones to compensate for the dietary deficit. MBD causes skeletal deformities and weakened bones, and it can be fatal if not corrected. Consistent consumption of simple carbohydrates also leads to metabolic issues, including temporary energy spikes followed by crashes, and can contribute to obesity.
Safe and Appropriate Food Sources
For those who wish to supplement a squirrel’s diet, offering foods that closely mimic their natural intake is the best approach. The most beneficial items are nuts still in the shell. These provide essential healthy fats and protein while promoting natural gnawing behavior that helps keep their incisors worn down. Acorns, walnuts, and almonds are excellent choices, but they should always be unsalted and raw.
Certain fresh vegetables and fruits can also be provided in moderation, such as leafy greens, carrots, and apple slices. Pumpkin seeds are another nutrient-rich snack that supplies vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids. Avoid processed foods, candy, chips, and anything containing added salt or sugar, as these items offer no nutritional benefit and can be harmful.