Shingles, or herpes zoster, is a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same pathogen responsible for chickenpox. It typically presents as a painful rash with blisters. While known for its dermatological symptoms, shingles is increasingly linked to cardiovascular health.
Shingles and Cardiovascular Risk
Research indicates a measurable increase in the risk of cardiovascular events following a shingles infection. Studies have shown a heightened risk for serious conditions such as heart attack and stroke. This elevated risk is particularly noticeable in the weeks and months immediately after a shingles episode.
The risk for major cardiovascular events can be nearly 30% higher for individuals who have experienced shingles. While the risk is highest in the first year after the onset of the infection, it can persist for an extended period, potentially up to 12 years or more. This connection is often more pronounced in older adults or those with existing underlying health conditions.
Heart Conditions Associated with Shingles
Shingles has been linked to several cardiovascular conditions. One notable association is with stroke, particularly when the rash affects the head or face (herpes zoster ophthalmicus). This can lead to inflammation of brain blood vessels, called vasculitis, which increases stroke risk. The risk of stroke can be up to 38% higher in individuals with a history of shingles, and this risk has been observed to be highest in those under 40 years old.
A shingles infection can also elevate the risk of a heart attack. Studies have reported an increased heart attack risk ranging from 25% to 59%. Shingles is also associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, with some research indicating a 25% higher likelihood. Additionally, evidence suggests a link between shingles and heart failure, as vaccination against shingles has been shown to reduce the risk of this condition.
How Shingles Impacts the Heart
The mechanisms by which shingles may influence cardiovascular health involve several biological processes. A shingles infection can trigger widespread systemic inflammation throughout the body. This inflammatory response can lead to damage in blood vessels, contribute to the instability of arterial plaques, and promote the formation of blood clots, all of which are factors in cardiovascular events.
The varicella-zoster virus can replicate directly within arteries, causing damage to blood vessels. This direct viral effect can result in the narrowing or stiffening of blood vessels, or damage to their inner lining. Such changes can predispose individuals to conditions like stroke or heart attack.
The reactivation of the latent virus might also contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation or direct cellular damage. Research suggests that tiny lipid vesicles called exosomes may play a role in mediating the connection between shingles and increased stroke risk.
Safeguarding Your Heart from Shingles
Vaccination stands as a primary protective measure against shingles and its potential cardiovascular complications. The shingles vaccine significantly lowers the likelihood of developing the infection itself. Recent studies indicate that vaccinated individuals have a 23% lower risk of experiencing cardiovascular events, including stroke, heart failure, and coronary heart disease, with this protective effect lasting for up to eight years.
Prompt medical attention is important if shingles symptoms emerge. Antiviral medications, when started early within 72 hours of the rash appearing, can reduce the severity and duration of the illness, potentially mitigating complications. Individuals, especially those with existing heart conditions or risk factors, should discuss their overall cardiovascular health with their doctor. Managing conditions like high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes contributes to heart protection.
It is important to seek immediate medical attention for symptoms that might indicate a cardiovascular event, especially after a shingles diagnosis. These include new or worsening chest pain, shortness of breath, sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body, or a severe headache. Shingles pain in the chest area can sometimes be mistaken for heart problems, and shingles affecting the head or face may produce symptoms resembling a stroke.