Seizures represent a sudden, uncontrolled disturbance in the brain’s electrical activity, leading to changes in behavior, movements, feelings, or levels of consciousness. While many people associate seizures primarily with convulsions, these neurological events can manifest in diverse ways. Vomiting can occur during or after a seizure, a less commonly discussed symptom that can be disorienting for those experiencing it and concerning for witnesses.
The Neurological Connection
Vomiting during a seizure stems from the intricate connection between brain seizure activity and the body’s autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary bodily functions like digestion. The emetic center, also known as the vomiting center, located in the medulla oblongata within the brainstem, coordinates the complex act of vomiting.
Seizure activity can disrupt normal brain function, leading to the involuntary activation of this emetic center. Signals transmit to the emetic center via various pathways, including the vagus nerve, which carries sensory information from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. When specific brain regions involved in autonomic control are affected by seizure discharges, they can stimulate these pathways, leading to nausea or vomiting.
Seizure Types Associated with Vomiting
Vomiting during a seizure is not universal; it is more frequently observed with certain focal seizures. Focal seizures, also known as partial seizures, originate in a specific area of one side of the brain. When these seizures affect regions involved in autonomic functions, such such as the temporal lobe or areas connected to the brainstem, vomiting can occur.
Temporal lobe seizures, the most common type of focal epilepsy, are particularly noted for causing autonomic symptoms like gastrointestinal upset, including nausea and vomiting. These seizures can sometimes begin with an aura, the first part of the seizure, manifesting as sensations like a rising feeling in the stomach or nausea. Less commonly, generalized seizures, which involve both sides of the brain from the onset, might be associated with nausea or vomiting, but this is more often experienced in the post-ictal phase, the period immediately following the seizure. Ictal vomiting, which occurs during the seizure itself, is considered a localizing sign, often pointing to seizure activity in the temporal lobe.
Responding to Vomiting During a Seizure
If someone experiences vomiting during a seizure, the primary concern is to ensure their airway remains clear and to prevent aspiration, the inhalation of vomit into the lungs. Gently roll the person onto their side, into the recovery position if possible. This position helps gravity drain fluids from the mouth, reducing the risk of choking.
Ensure the area around the person is safe by moving any harmful objects. Never attempt to put anything into the person’s mouth, as this can cause injury to both the person having the seizure and the helper. Observe the seizure’s duration and characteristics, as this information will be helpful for medical professionals. Most seizures conclude within a few minutes.
Seek immediate medical attention by calling emergency services if:
- The seizure lasts longer than five minutes.
- Breathing difficulties persist after the seizure.
- It is the person’s first seizure.
- They sustain an injury.
- Persistent nausea or vomiting occurs after the seizure.