Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus that infects the lungs and airways. Most children experience an RSV infection by the time they are two years old. The virus typically causes mild, cold-like symptoms such as a runny nose, cough, and low-grade fever. In some cases, it can lead to more pronounced respiratory issues like wheezing or difficulty breathing.
The Connection Between RSV and Seizures
While Respiratory Syncytial Virus primarily affects the respiratory system, seizures can occur as an uncommon complication. These seizures are most frequently febrile seizures, triggered by high body temperature rather than direct brain infection. Studies suggest neurological complications, including seizures, occur in a small percentage (1.2% to 7%) of children hospitalized with RSV.
Although rare, direct viral invasion of the central nervous system by RSV has been reported, with the virus detected in spinal fluid. However, RSV is not a primary cause of central nervous system infections compared to other pathogens; most RSV-associated seizures result from the body’s systemic response.
Factors Contributing to Seizures with RSV
High fever is a common factor that can trigger febrile seizures in susceptible children, particularly those between 6 months and 5 years of age. These seizures are a frequent neurological complication associated with various viral infections, including RSV. A rapid rise in body temperature can disrupt normal brain activity, leading to a seizure.
Severe RSV infection can also lead to significant respiratory distress and low oxygen levels in the blood, a condition known as hypoxia. Reduced oxygen supply to the brain can affect its function and potentially contribute to seizure activity.
The body’s immune response to severe infection can also play a role, leading to widespread inflammation. This generalized inflammatory response can sometimes affect the central nervous system, potentially lowering the seizure threshold. Children with pre-existing neurological conditions or a family history of seizures may have an increased susceptibility to seizures during an RSV infection.
Recognizing Seizure Symptoms and When to Act
Recognizing seizure symptoms in infants and young children can be challenging, as they may differ from those in older individuals. Signs can include:
- Staring spells
- Rhythmic jerking movements of the limbs
- Stiffening of the body
- Loss of consciousness
- Unusual eye movements
- Blinking
- Lip smacking
- Changes in breathing patterns
If a child experiences a seizure, remain calm and ensure their safety. Gently lay the child on the floor, remove any nearby objects that could cause injury, and turn them onto their side to prevent choking. Avoid placing anything in their mouth or trying to stop their movements.
Immediate medical attention is necessary if:
- It is the child’s first seizure
- The seizure lasts longer than five minutes
- They experience repeated seizures
- The child has trouble breathing after the seizure
- The child does not recover quickly to their usual state