Experiencing a cough during pregnancy can be a common concern for many expectant individuals. A cough is often not a sign of serious complications for either the pregnant person or the developing baby. Pregnancy brings about numerous physiological changes in the body, and some of these can influence respiratory health, making one more susceptible to coughing.
How Pregnancy Itself Can Lead to a Cough
Pregnancy can directly contribute to a cough through specific bodily changes. Hormonal shifts, an increase in progesterone, can relax smooth muscles throughout the body, including the lower esophageal sphincter. This relaxation, combined with increased abdominal pressure from the growing uterus, can lead to acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Acid reflux can cause stomach acid to irritate the esophagus and throat, manifesting as a chronic cough.
Another pregnancy-specific cause is rhinitis of pregnancy, affecting many pregnant individuals. This condition involves inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes, leading to symptoms like nasal congestion, runny nose, and post-nasal drip. Increased blood volume and hormonal changes contribute to this nasal swelling and mucus production. Post-nasal drip can then trickle down the throat, irritating it and triggering a cough.
Other Common Reasons for a Cough During Pregnancy
Pregnant individuals are also susceptible to common illnesses that cause coughing. Viral infections, such as the common cold or flu, are frequent culprits. Due to immune system changes, individuals may be more prone to these infections, and symptoms might last longer.
Allergies can also cause or worsen a cough during pregnancy. Existing allergies might intensify, or new ones could develop, leading to symptoms like congestion, sneezing, and a cough. Asthma, a chronic respiratory condition, can be affected by pregnancy; some individuals may experience worsening symptoms, including increased coughing and wheezing. Other respiratory infections like bronchitis can also cause a cough.
When to Consult a Healthcare Provider
While a cough during pregnancy is often benign, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention. It is advisable to consult a healthcare provider if a cough is accompanied by a high fever, generally defined as 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, or chest pain also require prompt evaluation.
Other concerning signs include coughing up blood or discolored mucus, suggesting a more serious infection. A cough that is severe, persistent, and does not improve, or one accompanied by wheezing or gasping, should be discussed with a doctor. Feeling generally unwell or experiencing extreme fatigue alongside a cough are reasons to seek medical advice.
Safe Ways to Find Relief
Managing a cough during pregnancy often involves non-pharmacological approaches. Adequate rest and hydration are fundamental, with warm liquids like tea with honey and lemon being soothing for the throat. Using a humidifier can help moisten the air, which can reduce irritation and ease a dry cough. Saline nasal sprays can also alleviate congestion and post-nasal drip. Elevating the head while sleeping can help mitigate coughs, especially for post-nasal drip or reflux.
For coughs linked to acid reflux, dietary adjustments are beneficial. Avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller, more frequent meals, and refraining from lying down immediately after eating can help manage symptoms. If over-the-counter medications are considered, consult a healthcare provider first. Certain medications like dextromethorphan (a cough suppressant) and guaifenesin (an expectorant) may be safe after the first trimester, but combination cold medicines and decongestants like pseudoephedrine should generally be avoided. Acetaminophen can be used for pain or fever, but any medication use during pregnancy should be under medical guidance.