Emergency contraception, such as Plan B, does not cause an ectopic pregnancy. This article explains what an ectopic pregnancy is, how emergency contraception works, why there is no causal link, and how to recognize symptoms that warrant medical attention.
What is an Ectopic Pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus, most commonly in a fallopian tube. This is why it’s often called a “tubal pregnancy,” as approximately 97% of ectopic pregnancies occur there.
Although rare, an ectopic pregnancy can also occur in other locations such as the ovary, abdominal cavity, or the lower part of the uterus (cervix). A fertilized egg cannot develop normally outside the uterus, making an ectopic pregnancy a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. If left untreated, it can lead to severe internal bleeding and other complications.
How Emergency Contraception Works
Levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception, commonly known as Plan B, primarily works by preventing or delaying ovulation. By inhibiting ovulation, the pill prevents fertilization by stopping the egg and sperm from meeting.
The medication is most effective when taken as soon as possible, ideally within 72 hours (three days) of unprotected sex. Emergency contraception is not an abortion pill; it does not terminate an existing pregnancy and is ineffective if a fertilized egg has already implanted in the uterus.
Emergency Contraception and Ectopic Pregnancy
Emergency contraceptive pills do not cause ectopic pregnancies. There is no evidence suggesting that medications like Plan B increase the risk of an ectopic pregnancy. Instead, by preventing pregnancy, they reduce the risk of any pregnancy, including an ectopic one. The pill’s action of delaying ovulation is distinct from the factors that lead to an ectopic pregnancy, such as damaged fallopian tubes or hormonal imbalances.
A common misunderstanding arises because if a pregnancy occurs despite taking emergency contraception, there is a small possibility that pregnancy could be ectopic. However, this is not due to the pill itself, but rather a failure of the contraception to prevent pregnancy. If a person becomes pregnant after using emergency contraception, a healthcare provider should be contacted, especially if a period has not occurred within three weeks.
Recognizing Ectopic Pregnancy Symptoms
Recognizing the signs of an ectopic pregnancy is important for health and safety. Symptoms often develop between the 4th and 12th week of pregnancy. These can include lower abdominal pain, often localized to one side, which may be sudden or gradual, and persistent or intermittent.
Vaginal bleeding or a brown watery discharge is another potential symptom, which may be lighter or heavier than a typical period. Other signs that warrant medical attention include shoulder tip pain, dizziness, or fainting. If any of these symptoms are experienced, particularly after unprotected sex or taking emergency contraception, immediate medical evaluation is advised.