Menstrual cups are a popular reusable feminine hygiene product. A common concern is whether they contribute to pelvic organ prolapse. This article examines the link, if any, with menstrual cup use, providing evidence-based information.
Understanding Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) occurs when one or more pelvic organs shift from their usual position and descend into or outside the vagina. Organs like the bladder, uterus, or rectum are normally supported by the pelvic floor’s network of muscles, ligaments, and tissues. When this support system weakens or is damaged, it can no longer hold the organs in place, causing their descent.
Several factors increase POP susceptibility. Vaginal childbirth is a primary risk factor, especially with multiple or assisted deliveries, as it stretches pelvic floor tissues. Aging also plays a role, as muscles lose strength and hormonal changes, like reduced estrogen during menopause, weaken connective tissues. Other factors include chronic conditions that increase abdominal pressure, such as obesity, chronic coughing, or persistent straining during bowel movements, and a family history of POP.
Period Cups and Prolapse: Examining the Link
The connection between menstrual cup use and pelvic organ prolapse is often discussed, particularly regarding the cup’s suction and removal techniques. Menstrual cups seal against vaginal walls to prevent leaks. Some speculate this suction, or improper removal, could exert downward pressure on pelvic organs. However, current medical literature does not widely recognize a direct causal link between typical menstrual cup use and POP development.
Pelvic floor specialists state that the force exerted by a menstrual cup, even with suction, is significantly less than pressure from activities like childbirth or chronic straining. The primary concern involves pulling the cup out without first breaking the vacuum seal, which could create a pulling sensation on the cervix or vaginal tissues.
While improper removal might cause temporary discomfort, there is no strong evidence it directly leads to the long-term pelvic floor weakening necessary for prolapse.
Minimizing Risk Through Proper Use
To minimize strain on the pelvic floor, proper menstrual cup insertion and removal techniques are important. When inserting, relax pelvic floor muscles and choose a comfortable position, such as squatting or standing with one leg elevated. Fold the cup and insert gently, aiming towards the tailbone, not straight upward. Once inside, a slight twist or rotation ensures the cup fully opens and creates a proper seal.
For removal, break the seal before pulling the cup out. This is done by gently pinching the cup’s base or inserting a finger along its side to release suction. Avoid pulling on the stem alone, as this creates resistance and discomfort. Bearing down gently with pelvic floor muscles, similar to a bowel movement, helps lower the cup for easier access.
Recognizing Signs and Seeking Medical Advice
Individuals should be aware of pelvic organ prolapse symptoms, regardless of menstrual cup use. Symptoms include pressure, heaviness, or fullness in the pelvic area or vagina. Some may feel or see a bulge or lump inside or coming out of the vagina.
Other indicators include changes in urinary or bowel function, such as difficulty emptying the bladder or bowels, increased urination frequency, or constipation. Discomfort or pain during sexual activity is also a symptom. If these symptoms are persistent, worsening, or cause distress, consult a healthcare professional. A medical evaluation provides an accurate diagnosis and discusses management options.