A panic attack is an abrupt, intense surge of fear or discomfort, peaking within minutes and often accompanied by physical symptoms like a racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweating. This article explores whether panic attacks can temporarily raise blood pressure and distinguishes these transient changes from chronic high blood pressure.
The Body’s Immediate Response
During a panic attack, the body activates its “fight-or-flight” response, a survival mechanism orchestrated by the sympathetic nervous system. This response rapidly releases stress hormones like adrenaline (epinephrine) and cortisol, triggering physiological changes.
Adrenaline causes the heart rate to accelerate significantly. Simultaneously, these hormones induce vasoconstriction, narrowing blood vessels. This constriction, combined with the increased heart rate, results in a temporary elevation of blood pressure.
Systolic blood pressure, the top number in a blood pressure reading, can increase by 20 to 30 mmHg or even more during an acute panic episode. This spike is part of the body’s preparation to deliver more oxygen-rich blood to the muscles and brain. Another contributing factor can be hyperventilation, or rapid, shallow breathing, which reduces carbon dioxide levels in the blood and further promotes blood vessel constriction. These physiological changes are acute and generally subside as the panic attack resolves.
Temporary Spikes Versus Chronic Hypertension
Panic attacks cause a temporary increase in blood pressure due to the intense physiological response. However, these transient spikes typically do not lead to chronic high blood pressure, known as hypertension. Hypertension is usually influenced by factors like genetics, lifestyle choices, and other medical conditions.
While a single panic attack is unlikely to cause lasting damage, frequent or chronic anxiety associated with recurring panic attacks can have a more sustained impact on blood pressure levels. Prolonged activation of the body’s stress response system can lead to a consistent release of stress hormones, which might contribute to elevated blood pressure over time. This ongoing stress can potentially affect overall cardiovascular health.
For individuals who already have diagnosed hypertension, moments of intense stress or panic can cause more pronounced and potentially concerning blood pressure spikes. This is because their body’s regulatory functions for blood pressure may already be compromised. While temporary blood pressure elevations during panic attacks are generally not physically dangerous, chronic hypertension carries risks, including increased susceptibility to heart disease and stroke.
When to Seek Professional Guidance
It is advisable to seek medical or psychological guidance if panic attacks occur frequently or significantly disrupt daily life. If a panic attack is accompanied by chest pain, which can mimic symptoms of a heart attack, it is important to seek immediate medical attention, especially if it is a first-time experience or the symptoms are severe. A healthcare provider can determine the cause of the symptoms and rule out underlying conditions.
Individuals who are already managing hypertension should discuss their panic attacks with their doctor. This allows for an assessment of how panic episodes might be influencing their blood pressure management. Healthcare professionals can offer strategies for both mental and physical health.
Managing anxiety and panic can contribute positively to overall cardiovascular well-being. Treatment options may include psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, and sometimes medication. Additionally, lifestyle adjustments such as regular physical activity, maintaining a balanced diet, ensuring adequate sleep, and practicing stress reduction techniques can be beneficial.