A panic attack is a sudden, intense episode of fear that can occur without warning, often triggering severe physical reactions even when no real danger is present. These episodes typically peak within minutes and can include symptoms such as a rapid heart rate, sweating, trembling, and shortness of breath. While these sensations can feel overwhelming, understanding their physiological basis helps clarify the experience.
The Body’s Panic Response
During a panic attack, the body’s natural “fight or flight” response activates. This ancient survival mechanism prepares an individual to confront or flee a perceived threat. The sympathetic nervous system initiates this response, releasing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol into the bloodstream. This surge causes a rapid increase in heart rate and breathing, known as hyperventilation, and can lead to muscle tension. These physiological changes are designed to provide extra oxygen and energy to the muscles, preparing the body for immediate action.
Oxygen Levels During Panic Attacks
Despite the sensation of breathlessness during a panic attack, these episodes do not typically cause dangerously low oxygen levels in the blood. The rapid, deep breathing (hyperventilation) that commonly occurs leads to an increased exhalation of carbon dioxide (CO2), rather than a decrease in oxygen. This excessive expulsion of CO2 disrupts the delicate balance of gases in the bloodstream, leading to lower-than-normal levels of carbon dioxide. Oxygen levels in the blood usually remain normal or can even be slightly elevated because the lungs efficiently take in plenty of oxygen. The sensation of not getting enough air, or “air hunger,” is primarily a result of this carbon dioxide imbalance, not a lack of oxygen.
Understanding Physical Sensations
The physical sensations experienced during a panic attack, such as dizziness, lightheadedness, tingling or numbness in the extremities, and chest tightness, are direct consequences of reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood. When carbon dioxide levels drop due to hyperventilation, the blood becomes more alkaline, a condition known as respiratory alkalosis. This change in blood chemistry affects how oxygen is released to tissues and can constrict blood vessels, leading to symptoms like lightheadedness and tingling. While these sensations can be frightening, they are generally temporary and not harmful.
When to Seek Professional Guidance
It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing symptoms similar to a panic attack, especially if it is the first time or if symptoms are new or worsening. Panic attack symptoms can closely resemble those of more serious medical conditions, such as heart problems, asthma, or thyroid disorders. A healthcare professional can help differentiate between a panic attack and a medical emergency, ensuring proper diagnosis and ruling out other conditions. Consulting a doctor also allows for discussion of potential treatment options for panic disorder, which can include therapy or medication.