Sanitary pads can cause skin irritation, chafing, and lesions often described as “sores” in the sensitive vulvar and perineal area. This common reaction is a form of skin inflammation triggered by prolonged contact with the menstrual product. The resulting discomfort ranges from mild redness to painful, open lesions. Understanding the root causes of this inflammation is the first step toward finding relief and preventing recurrence.
Underlying Causes of Pad-Related Skin Issues
The development of skin problems from pad use stems from a combination of mechanical and chemical factors that compromise the skin’s protective barrier.
Mechanical Factors (Friction and Occlusion)
Physical friction and chafing, particularly during walking or other movements, are primary mechanisms. The constant rubbing of the pad’s surface against the skin strips away the outermost layer, leading to micro-tears and superficial irritation. This mechanical stress is compounded by the occlusive nature of many sanitary pads, which traps heat and moisture against the skin. The combination of warmth, humidity, and menstrual fluid causes the skin to become macerated, meaning it softens and weakens significantly. This weakened state makes the skin highly susceptible to breakdown and damage.
Chemical Factors (Contact Dermatitis)
Chemical contact dermatitis involves reactions to ingredients within the pad itself. Many commercial products contain synthetic materials, dyes, adhesives, and fragrances that can trigger a reaction. For example, some pads use methyldibromo glutaronitrile in adhesives or fragrances that act as irritants or allergens. These substances can cause an inflammatory response directly at the point of skin contact.
Identifying Common Skin Reactions
The resulting inflammation from pad use typically manifests as one of several distinct conditions. Recognizing the type of reaction is important for effective treatment.
Types of Reactions
- Irritant contact dermatitis, commonly called “pad rash,” is the most frequent reaction. It presents as dry, chapped, or fissured skin, with a burning or raw sensation, and the redness often appears in darker red or brownish tones.
- Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed hypersensitivity response, usually developing 24 to 48 hours after exposure to an allergen like a pad fragrance or adhesive. This reaction is characterized by intense itching, swelling, bright red patches, and sometimes localized blisters.
- Folliculitis is suggested by small, red or pus-filled bumps clustered around hair follicles. This is an inflammation or infection caused by friction and the warm, moist environment created by the pad.
- Fungal infection (such as candidiasis) is encouraged by the warm, wet environment. This condition is characterized by very red, intensely itchy skin with a clear border, often accompanied by smaller, secondary lesions known as “satellite lesions.”
Prevention Through Product Choice and Hygiene
Proactive measures focusing on product selection and meticulous hygiene are the most effective ways to prevent pad-related skin irritation. Minimizing the time the skin is exposed to moisture and friction is paramount.
Hygiene Practices
Change the sanitary pad every three to four hours, regardless of the flow heaviness, to reduce the buildup of heat, humidity, and menstrual fluid. The vulvar area should be gently cleansed with warm water, avoiding harsh soaps or excessive scrubbing that can further damage the skin barrier. After cleansing, pat the area completely dry before applying a new pad, as residual moisture contributes to maceration and irritation.
Product Selection
Select pads made from breathable, 100% cotton materials to reduce the occlusive effect and allow better air circulation. It is also beneficial to avoid products that contain known potential irritants, such as artificial fragrances, dyes, and chemical bleaches. Ensuring the pad is the correct size and fit helps prevent excessive bunching and movement, which is a major source of friction and chafing.
Immediate Relief and Medical Consultation
If skin irritation or a “sore” has already developed, immediate steps can be taken to soothe the area and promote healing.
Home Relief Measures
Applying a thin layer of an over-the-counter barrier cream is highly recommended, with products containing petroleum jelly or zinc oxide being particularly effective. These creams create a physical barrier that protects the compromised skin from further friction and moisture. For temporary relief, switch to an alternative menstrual product, like period underwear or a menstrual cup, to allow the skin to breathe and recover without the constant contact of a pad. Cold compresses can also reduce swelling and provide a temporary numbing effect to alleviate burning and itching.
When to Seek Medical Consultation
Seek medical consultation if symptoms persist for more than a few days despite home care, or if certain warning signs appear. These signs include the development of a fever, spreading redness and warmth, or any discharge of pus, which may indicate a secondary bacterial infection. A healthcare provider can accurately diagnose the specific condition, such as a severe allergic reaction or a fungal infection, and prescribe targeted treatments like prescription-strength topical steroids or antifungal medication.