An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms on or within an ovary. These cysts are common and often do not present with symptoms. While many ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve without intervention, some can cause a range of symptoms, including pain that can sometimes radiate to the hip.
Understanding Ovarian Cysts
Ovaries, typically almond-sized organs, are part of the female reproductive system, releasing eggs and producing hormones monthly. Ovarian cysts are common, especially in menstruating individuals. Many are functional cysts, developing as a normal part of the menstrual cycle.
Functional cysts include follicular and corpus luteum cysts. Follicular cysts form when an egg-containing follicle fails to rupture during ovulation. Corpus luteum cysts develop if the sac that released the egg reseals and fills with fluid. These cysts are generally benign and often disappear on their own within a few menstrual cycles. Other types of cysts, not directly tied to the menstrual cycle, can also form on the ovaries.
How Ovarian Cysts Lead to Hip Pain
Ovarian cysts can cause hip pain through several mechanisms. Larger cysts, or those in specific locations, may press on nearby pelvic nerves, such as the obturator or sciatic nerve. This pressure can cause pain radiating to the hip.
Cysts can also cause localized inflammation in the pelvic area, extending to surrounding tissues and contributing to hip discomfort. Additionally, a cyst’s rupture can release fluid and blood into the pelvic cavity. This irritates the lining, leading to sudden, sharp pain perceived in the hip.
Ovarian torsion, a medical emergency, occurs when an ovary twists around its supporting ligaments, often due to a cyst. This cuts off blood supply, causing severe, acute pain that can radiate to the hip or lower abdomen. Torsion requires immediate medical attention.
Recognizing Other Symptoms
Ovarian cysts can cause other symptoms beyond hip pain. Many experience pelvic pain or pressure, ranging from a dull ache to a sharp sensation in the lower abdomen, often on the side of the cyst. This discomfort may be persistent or intermittent. Bloating or a feeling of abdominal fullness is also common.
Cysts can cause pain during sexual intercourse, known as dyspareunia. Pressure on the bladder or bowel can lead to frequent urination, difficulty urinating, or constipation. Menstrual cycle changes, such as irregular periods or spotting, can also occur, especially if hormonal balance is disrupted. In severe cases, like torsion or rupture, nausea, vomiting, or fever may develop.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While many ovarian cysts are benign and resolve spontaneously, seek medical evaluation for persistent or severe symptoms. Prompt medical attention is necessary for sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain, especially with fever, vomiting, or signs of shock like dizziness or weakness. These symptoms could indicate a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion, which are medical emergencies.
A healthcare provider can diagnose ovarian cysts. A pelvic exam may reveal swelling, and an ultrasound visualizes the cyst’s location, size, and composition. Blood tests, including pregnancy or CA-125 tests, may also be performed, though elevated CA-125 levels can be due to non-cancerous conditions. Professional medical advice is important for diagnosis and management, as treatment depends on cyst type, size, symptoms, and individual health.