Ovarian cancer, which originates in the ovaries, can cause constipation, although this symptom often arises when the disease has advanced or as a side effect of cancer treatment. Because the early signs of ovarian cancer are often subtle and vague, any new, persistent changes in bowel habits should prompt a discussion with a healthcare provider. While many less serious conditions cause constipation, the possibility of cancer should be investigated if symptoms persist.
How Ovarian Cancer Causes Bowel Changes
Ovarian cancer can interfere with normal digestive function through several physical mechanisms within the abdominal cavity. The most direct cause is the tumor bulk itself, where the growing mass presses externally on the colon or rectum. This external pressure narrows the passage, making it difficult for stool to move through the intestine and leading to constipation.
As the disease progresses, cancer cells frequently spread across the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdomen, a condition known as peritoneal carcinomatosis. This spread can lead to malignant bowel obstruction, a severe complication where the intestines become partially or completely blocked. The obstruction can be mechanical, caused by masses or adhesions, or functional, resulting from tumor infiltration affecting the nerves and muscles that control intestinal movement.
Ascites, the buildup of fluid in the abdomen, is another common feature of advanced ovarian cancer that contributes to bowel changes. This fluid increases overall abdominal pressure, which can also compress the intestines and slow the movement of waste. Furthermore, cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and certain pain medications like opioids, can slow down the digestive tract and worsen constipation.
Recognizing Other Common Symptoms
Persistent abdominal bloating, often described as a swollen tummy that does not go away, is one of the most frequently reported signs of ovarian cancer. This bloating may be related to the presence of a tumor or the accumulation of ascites fluid. Many women also experience persistent pelvic or abdominal pain or discomfort.
Another common symptom is early satiety, or feeling full quickly even after eating a small amount of food, alongside difficulty eating. This can occur because the tumor or associated fluid puts pressure on the stomach. Changes in urinary habits, specifically increased urgency or frequency of needing to pass urine, are also often present.
These symptoms are often vague and can mimic other conditions, so pay attention to their persistence, especially if they are new and occur frequently, such as more than 12 times a month. Other symptoms include unexplained weight loss, unusual vaginal bleeding, and constant tiredness.
Common Non-Cancer Causes of Constipation
Most cases of constipation are not related to cancer but to lifestyle factors. A diet low in fiber, found in fruits, vegetables, and cereals, is a frequent cause of stool hardening and difficulty passing waste. Similarly, not drinking enough fluids leads to dehydration, causing the colon to absorb too much water and making the stool dry and hard.
A lack of regular physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle can also slow down the movement of the gut, contributing to infrequent bowel movements. Certain common medications, including some pain relievers, iron supplements, and certain antidepressants, can have constipation as a known side effect. Changes in daily routine, such as travel or ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement, can also disrupt normal bowel function.
When to Seek Urgent Medical Advice
Urgent medical advice should be sought if constipation is sudden, severe, and represents a significant change from your normal bowel habits. This is especially true if the constipation is accompanied by the inability to pass gas, which can signal a bowel obstruction that requires immediate attention.
Other red-flag symptoms include blood in the stool, which may appear as bright red streaks or dark, tarry material. Unexplained weight loss is another sign that warrants urgent investigation. Persistent and worsening abdominal pain, especially if accompanied by vomiting, should also prompt an immediate consultation. Discussing any persistent or concerning combination of symptoms with a doctor allows for timely evaluation and diagnosis.