Ocean water can make individuals unwell. The marine environment sometimes harbors substances or organisms that pose health concerns. Understanding these issues and adopting preventive measures allows for safer enjoyment of coastal waters.
Common Contaminants in Ocean Water
Ocean water can contain substances and organisms that lead to illness. Pathogens, including bacteria (Vibrio species, E. coli), viruses (norovirus), and parasites, are common. These microorganisms often enter marine environments through sewage, agricultural runoff, and animal waste, especially after heavy rainfall.
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), or “red tides,” are another source of contamination. These blooms consist of excessive algae growth, like Karenia brevis, which produce toxins such as brevetoxins. These toxins can affect marine life and become airborne, impacting human health.
Chemical pollutants from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers), and other chemicals also contaminate ocean waters. Physical contaminants like trash and debris, while not directly causing illness, can lead to injuries susceptible to bacterial infection.
Health Risks and Symptoms
Contaminated ocean water can cause several types of illnesses with distinct symptoms. Gastrointestinal illnesses are common, including diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and nausea, typically from swallowing contaminated water. Skin infections can also occur, presenting as rashes, boils, or infections of open wounds. Vibrio vulnificus, present in warm brackish seawater, can cause severe skin infections, particularly if entering cuts or scrapes.
Ear and eye infections, such as swimmer’s ear and conjunctivitis, may develop from prolonged exposure. Respiratory issues, including coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing, can arise from inhaling aerosolized toxins produced by harmful algal blooms. In rare but serious instances, infections like meningitis or sepsis can occur, especially for individuals with compromised immune systems or severe Vibrio infections.
Factors Affecting Your Risk
Several factors can heighten the likelihood of becoming sick from ocean water. Water quality advisories and beach closures, issued when bacterial counts exceed safe standards, indicate elevated risks. Recent heavy rainfall significantly increases runoff, carrying pollutants, animal waste, and other contaminants into coastal waters. Swimming near storm drains or outflow pipes also increases exposure, as these areas often concentrate urban runoff.
Individuals with open wounds, cuts, or compromised skin face a heightened risk of infection, as pathogens can directly enter the bloodstream. People with weakened immune systems, including children, the elderly, and those with chronic health conditions, are more susceptible to severe illness from waterborne pathogens. Swallowing ocean water is a primary route for gastrointestinal illnesses, making accidental ingestion a significant risk factor.
Staying Safe in Ocean Water
Minimizing illness risk when enjoying ocean water involves several steps. Before heading to the beach, check local health department websites or advisories for water quality reports. Avoid swimming for at least 24 to 72 hours after heavy rainfall, as runoff can significantly increase bacterial levels.
If you have open wounds, cover them with waterproof bandages or avoid swimming altogether. Avoid swallowing ocean water, especially when waves are present, as this is a common way to ingest contaminants. Showering immediately after swimming helps rinse off salt, sand, and any microorganisms. Observe water conditions; discoloration, strange odors, or dead fish can signal harmful algal blooms or pollution, indicating it may be safer to stay out.
Recognizing When to Get Help
If you suspect illness from ocean water exposure, monitor your symptoms. Seek medical attention if symptoms like severe diarrhea, a high fever, a spreading skin rash, or difficulty breathing develop or do not improve. Prompt care is especially important for vulnerable groups, including young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems, as their conditions can worsen rapidly. Inform your healthcare provider about recent ocean water exposure, as this can assist in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.