Noise-canceling headphones (NCH) have become a popular tool for creating quiet in a loud world, but for a subset of users, they can surprisingly trigger headaches. This discomfort is a recognized phenomenon, often prompting people to question the safety of the technology. Active noise cancellation (ANC) works by using internal microphones to sample ambient noise and then generating an opposing sound wave, called anti-noise, to neutralize it. This process effectively reduces external sounds, but it introduces a distinct physiological sensation that can be the root cause of the problem.
The Sensation of Pressure from Active Noise Cancellation
The primary reason some people experience headaches is directly linked to the ANC technology’s attempt to create silence. Active noise cancellation achieves noise reduction through destructive interference, where the anti-noise wave is 180 degrees out of phase with the incoming sound wave. While this acoustic cancellation is effective, it can alter the atmospheric pressure within the sealed headphone chamber next to the ear canal.
This subtle alteration of air pressure is not always perfectly neutralized, causing a sensation known colloquially as “aural fullness” or “eardrum suck.” The feeling is similar to the pressure change experienced during rapid altitude shifts, such as when flying in an airplane or riding in an elevator. The brain, which is finely tuned to pressure balance in the middle ear, may interpret this manufactured lack of low-frequency sound as a pressure imbalance.
The anti-noise signal itself, particularly the low-frequency tones it uses to counter drone-like sounds, can also cause mild disorientation in sensitive individuals. This confusion in the auditory system, where the brain receives conflicting signals, can lead to discomfort. For users who are already prone to migraines or have heightened sensitivity to auditory input, this perceptual strain can quickly escalate into a headache.
Physical Fit and Use-Related Triggers
Beyond the technological sensation, many headaches caused by noise-canceling headphones stem from mechanical and behavioral factors common to all headphone use. A significant trigger is the clamping force, which is the pressure exerted by the headband to keep the earcups sealed against the head. This tight fit is often necessary for effective passive noise isolation, but if the force is excessive, it can create localized pressure points around the temples or jaw.
This constant compression can lead to a type of pain known as a tension headache. Furthermore, the weight of over-ear models, particularly those that house large batteries and complex ANC circuitry, can strain the neck and shoulder muscles during prolonged use. Extended periods of wearing any headset without breaks can cause muscle fatigue, which contributes to overall head and neck discomfort.
Listening at high volume, even if the ANC feature makes it seem quieter, also remains a serious concern for headache generation. Loud sounds overstimulate the auditory nerves, and audiologists advise keeping sound levels below 85 decibels to prevent auditory strain. Ignoring the physical discomfort signals over a long listening session can exacerbate both the pressure-related and tension-related headaches.
Strategies for Alleviating Headaches
Users who experience discomfort from noise-canceling headphones can take specific, practical steps to mitigate the problem.
Adjusting Fit and Volume
The first step involves adjusting the physical fit by gently stretching the headband over a stack of books for a period of time to reduce the clamping force. For over-ear models, ensure the cushions sit around the ear and not directly on the ear cartilage.
To combat the effects of prolonged use, implement the “60/60 rule,” which suggests listening at no more than 60% of the maximum volume for 60 minutes at a time. Taking a break of at least five to ten minutes every hour allows the ears and head muscles to recover from the continuous pressure and sound exposure. During these breaks, remove the headphones and stretch the neck and shoulders.
Modifying ANC Use
If the pressure sensation persists, try disabling the ANC feature and use the headphones only for their passive noise isolation qualities. Another option is to select a model with adjustable ANC levels. Choosing lighter-weight headphones can also reduce strain on the neck muscles. If headaches continue, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional to rule out underlying conditions.