The skin surrounding the nipple, known as the areola, contains specialized oil glands that are susceptible to the same type of blockage that causes blackheads (comedones) elsewhere on the body.
The Specialized Glands of the Areola
The areola is home to unique structures called Montgomery glands, also known as areolar glands or tubercles. These are modified sebaceous glands that appear as small, raised bumps on the skin’s surface.
The primary role of these glands is protective lubrication. They secrete an oily, waxy substance called sebum, which helps keep the areola and nipple skin supple and prevents drying or cracking. This sebum also contains natural antibacterial properties that help guard the area against infection.
The appearance and activity of Montgomery glands are strongly linked to hormonal fluctuations. They often become more prominent and produce more sebum during periods of hormonal change, such as puberty, before a menstrual period, and especially during pregnancy.
Why Areolar Pores Become Clogged
The formation of a blackhead, or open comedone, in this area begins when the oily sebum and dead skin cells (keratin) accumulate within the opening of a Montgomery gland. This buildup is not dirt, but a combination of the gland’s natural secretions and skin debris.
The characteristic dark appearance of a blackhead is caused by a chemical reaction called oxidation. When the melanin (pigment) and the trapped sebum plug are exposed to the air through the pore’s wide opening, the material oxidizes and turns dark.
Friction is a common culprit; tight-fitting clothing, especially sports bras or restrictive garments, can press against the areola, physically trapping secretions and forcing debris back into the pore. Furthermore, the application of thick lotions, creams, or ointments can inadvertently act as an occlusive agent, preventing the natural flow of sebum out of the gland and leading to a blockage. Hormonal shifts also play a role by increasing the volume of sebum produced, making the glands more susceptible to obstruction.
Safe Management and Medical Consultation
The safest approach to managing these comedone-like clogs is to leave them alone and practice gentle hygiene. Since the skin around the areola is delicate and the glands are sensitive, aggressive scrubbing or the use of harsh soaps should be avoided. Instead, clean the area with warm water during a shower, allowing the water to naturally soften and clear any superficial clogs.
Avoid squeezing or picking at these bumps. Attempting to extract the material can introduce bacteria, damage the delicate gland structure, and potentially lead to inflammation or a localized infection. A warm compress applied to the area for a short time may help soften the plug and encourage natural drainage.
While most clogged Montgomery glands resolve on their own, a medical consultation is necessary if signs of a more serious issue develop. Seek professional medical advice if you notice:
- Increasing pain.
- Significant swelling.
- Warmth to the touch.
- Widespread redness around the areola.
- Any discharge not related to breastfeeding.
- The development of a fever.