A night guard, often referred to as an occlusal splint, is a dental appliance worn over the teeth, typically during sleep. Its primary function is to protect the teeth and jaw from bruxism (involuntary teeth grinding and clenching). By creating a physical barrier between the upper and lower teeth, a night guard prevents direct tooth-on-tooth contact. This minimizes enamel wear, reduces strain on the jaw muscles, and alleviates pain associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. The device works by absorbing the intense forces generated by the jaw, distributing that pressure evenly across the biting surfaces.
Answering the Core Question: When Damage Occurs
Night guards are generally safe and beneficial tools. A professionally fabricated and properly used night guard will not ruin your teeth; it actively shields them from the mechanical wear of bruxism. Damage only occurs under specific, preventable conditions related to the guard’s fit and the user’s habits. The risk shifts when an individual uses an ill-fitting device, such as a generic over-the-counter or “boil-and-bite” guard, or neglects proper hygiene. Damage can also result from a failure to monitor the device’s effect on the bite over time, a process that requires regular dental oversight.
The Dangers of Improper Fit and Design
The most significant risk to dental structure comes from a night guard that does not conform precisely to the contours of the mouth. Poorly fitting devices can apply uneven pressure to certain teeth, which may lead to gradual, unwanted tooth movement or shifting over time. This uneven force can affect the entire alignment of the bite, potentially causing malocclusion and jaw discomfort.
A poorly balanced occlusal surface on the guard can change the way the upper and lower jaws meet. If the guard causes the back teeth to contact more heavily than the front teeth, it can lead to jaw misalignment or worsen existing TMJ symptoms. Conversely, a guard that is too tight can place excessive pressure on the teeth, contributing to enamel wear or gum irritation. These issues are minimized with a custom-fitted device, which is fabricated from a dental impression to ensure a precise, balanced fit.
Associated Oral Health Concerns
Beyond structural issues, night guards can introduce other localized problems concerning soft tissues and microbial growth. An ill-fitting guard with rough or extended edges can rub against the gum tissue, causing inflammation, discomfort, or localized gum irritation. This chronic irritation can potentially contribute to gum recession in the affected areas.
A significant concern is the increased risk of fungal infections or tooth decay if the device is not cleaned daily. The night guard traps bacteria, food particles, and plaque against the teeth and gums, creating a warm, moist environment allowing microbial growth. If plaque accumulates on the appliance, it can lead to an acceleration of cavities, as the device holds the acidic byproducts of bacteria directly against the tooth surface. Certain individuals may also experience rare allergic reactions to the acrylic or plastic materials used in some appliances, leading to generalized mouth irritation.
Maintenance and Professional Oversight
Preventing damage relies heavily on consistent daily cleaning and professional supervision. The appliance should be rinsed immediately after removal to wash away saliva and loose debris, then gently scrubbed using a separate soft-bristled toothbrush and mild soap or a non-abrasive cleaner. Avoid using standard toothpaste, which can be abrasive and create microscopic scratches where bacteria can hide. The guard must be completely dried before storage in a clean, ventilated case to prevent moisture buildup and bacterial growth.
Users should bring their night guard to every dental check-up so the dentist can inspect it for signs of wear, cracks, or damage. The dentist also assesses its continued fit against the patient’s bite. Typically, night guards require replacement every six months to one year, or sooner if they no longer fit snugly or show signs of deterioration.