Nasal polyps are common, soft growths that develop within the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses. These growths vary in size and can lead to symptoms like congestion or a reduced sense of smell. Many individuals with persistent nasal issues often wonder if these growths could be linked to cancer.
Understanding Nasal Polyps
Nasal polyps are generally painless growths that form from the mucosa, the lining of the nose and sinuses. They often appear as teardrop-shaped or peeled grape-like masses, ranging in color from grey to yellow or pink. While small polyps may not cause symptoms, larger ones can obstruct nasal passages or sinus drainage, leading to discomfort.
These growths are commonly associated with long-term inflammation within the nasal cavity and sinuses. Conditions such as asthma, allergies, chronic sinus infections, and aspirin sensitivity are often linked to their development. The exact reason why some individuals develop polyps due to inflammation while others do not is still being researched, but their benign nature is widely recognized.
Connecting Nasal Polyps and Cancer
Typical nasal polyps, which are inflammatory in nature, are almost always benign and do not turn into cancer. The cells that make up these polyps are not inherently cancerous and do not typically undergo malignant transformation.
However, it is important to note that other types of growths can occur in the nasal cavity that might resemble polyps but have different characteristics and potential. For instance, inverted papillomas are benign sinonasal tumors that can appear similar to nasal polyps. While noncancerous, inverted papillomas have a tendency for local destruction and carry a risk of malignant degeneration into squamous cell carcinoma, with reported rates ranging from 5% to 15%. These lesions are often unilateral, affecting only one side of the nose, which distinguishes them from common inflammatory polyps that usually occur on both sides.
Signs That Warrant Medical Attention
While most nasal polyps are harmless, certain symptoms suggest a need for medical evaluation. Unilateral symptoms, affecting only one side of the nose, are a key concern. These include persistent nasal congestion or blockage that does not improve, or a stuffy nose that worsens on one side.
Other concerning signs that should prompt a doctor’s visit include frequent or persistent nosebleeds, a noticeable decrease in the sense of smell, or pus draining from the nose. Additionally, the following symptoms warrant immediate medical attention:
- Pain or numbness in parts of the face, particularly the upper cheek
- Changes in facial structure
- Constant watery eyes
- Bulging of one eye
- New vision changes, such as double vision
Although these symptoms can be caused by various conditions, their presence should lead to a thorough medical assessment to determine the underlying cause.
How Nasal Polyps Are Diagnosed and Managed
The diagnosis of nasal polyps begins with a review of symptoms, a medical history, and a physical examination of the nasal passages. A healthcare provider may use a small lighted instrument, an endoscope, to look inside the nose and visualize them. Imaging studies, such as a CT scan, are performed to assess the size and location of the polyps, especially those deeper within the sinuses, and to rule out other potential causes of nasal obstruction.
If there is any suspicion of malignancy, or if the growth appears unusual, a biopsy of the tissue is performed. This is particularly relevant for unilateral growths or those not responding to standard medical treatment. Management for benign nasal polyps involves medications like nasal steroid sprays to reduce inflammation and shrink the polyps, or oral corticosteroids for more severe cases. If medical treatments are insufficient, surgical removal of the polyps and opening the sinuses may be recommended. For any suspicious or malignant growths, appropriate treatment based on the specific diagnosis will follow.