Naltrexone is a medication primarily used to support individuals managing alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder. It works by reducing cravings and blocking the euphoric effects associated with these substances. While generally well-tolerated, some individuals may experience side effects, and constipation can be one of them. This article explains how naltrexone can influence bowel function and outlines practical approaches for addressing constipation.
How Naltrexone Can Affect Bowel Function
Naltrexone functions as an opioid receptor antagonist, meaning it blocks the activity of opioid receptors in the body. While its main action involves blocking opioid receptors in the brain to reduce cravings, these receptors are also present throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Opioid receptors in the gut regulate bowel motility, the muscle contractions that move waste through the digestive system. When naltrexone interacts with these peripheral opioid receptors in the gut, it can interfere with the normal signaling pathways that control intestinal movement.
Unlike opioids, which typically slow down the gut and cause constipation, naltrexone’s action is to block these receptors. This blockade can sometimes disrupt the natural rhythm of bowel movements, leading to digestive discomfort. For some, this might result in constipation, while others may experience diarrhea or abdominal cramping. While digestive issues like nausea and stomach pain are common side effects, constipation is a possible symptom. Individual responses to naltrexone vary, so not everyone will experience changes in bowel habits.
Addressing Constipation from Naltrexone
Experiencing constipation while taking naltrexone can be uncomfortable, but several strategies can help manage this side effect. Increasing fluid intake helps soften stools and facilitates their passage. Incorporating more dietary fiber from sources like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can also promote regular bowel movements. Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking or gentle exercise, can stimulate intestinal contractions and improve gut motility.
For those needing additional support, over-the-counter options may offer relief. Fiber supplements, such as psyllium, can add bulk to stool, making it easier to pass. Stool softeners, like docusate, work by allowing more water to penetrate the stool, softening it. Mild laxatives, such as milk of magnesia, can also be considered to encourage bowel activity. It is always advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new over-the-counter medication to ensure it is appropriate for your specific situation.
It is important to communicate any persistent or severe constipation to your prescribing doctor. Seek medical attention if you experience severe abdominal pain, a complete lack of bowel movement for several days, or notice blood in your stool. These symptoms could indicate a more serious issue. Discussing side effects with your healthcare provider ensures your treatment plan remains effective and comfortable.