Mycoplasma are a distinctive group of bacteria. Unlike most other bacteria, Mycoplasma species do not possess a rigid cell wall, which makes them naturally resistant to many common antibiotics, such as penicillin, that target cell wall synthesis. They are also among the smallest known bacteria capable of self-replication. Their flexible structure allows them to adopt various shapes.
Mycoplasma Oral Transmission
Certain Mycoplasma species can be transmitted orally. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a common cause of respiratory infections, spreads primarily through respiratory droplets. When an infected individual coughs or sneezes, tiny droplets containing the bacteria become airborne, and others can become infected by breathing these in. Transmission can also occur indirectly by touching contaminated surfaces.
Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium are primarily associated with sexual transmission. M. hominis is commonly found in the urinary and genital tracts, but can also colonize the oropharynx. Transmission of M. hominis occurs through various forms of sexual contact, including oral sex, and can involve direct contact with saliva. M. genitalium is typically transmitted through vaginal or anal sex. Oral transmission of M. genitalium is considered possible, particularly through oral-genital contact.
Impact of Oral Mycoplasma Infections
The health consequences of Mycoplasma acquired through oral transmission depend on the specific species and infection site. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, even when entering via respiratory droplets, primarily affects the respiratory tract. It can cause infections from mild upper respiratory symptoms like a sore throat and dry cough to “walking pneumonia,” impacting the windpipe and lungs. Symptoms typically appear one to four weeks after exposure and may include headache, fever, and fatigue.
Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium, when transmitted orally, can colonize the oral cavity, often without noticeable symptoms. When M. hominis symptoms manifest orally, they might include:
A sore throat
Redness or inflammation within the oral cavity
Discomfort during swallowing
White patches on the tongue, gums, or inner cheeks
Beyond the oral cavity, these sexually transmitted Mycoplasma can lead to urogenital infections, with M. hominis associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. M. genitalium can be transmitted through oral sex and potentially contribute to symptoms similar to other sexually transmitted infections in the genital area.
Addressing Oral Mycoplasma
Identifying Mycoplasma infections typically involves laboratory tests. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing is considered a gold standard due to its high sensitivity and specificity in detecting the bacteria’s genetic material from samples. Serology tests, which detect antibodies produced by the immune system, can also be used to aid in diagnosis.
Treatment for Mycoplasma infections involves specific types of antibiotics. Healthcare providers often prescribe macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin, or tetracyclines like doxycycline. Fluoroquinolones may also be used.
Prevention strategies for orally transmitted Mycoplasma largely focus on good hygiene and safe practices. Covering coughs and sneezes, practicing regular handwashing, and staying home when sick can help reduce the spread of respiratory Mycoplasma. For sexually transmitted Mycoplasma, using condoms consistently and correctly during sexual activity, including oral sex, and limiting the number of sexual partners are important preventative measures. Consulting a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment is always advisable for any suspected Mycoplasma infection.