Gums are the soft tissues that surround and protect our teeth, forming a seal and covering the underlying jawbone. They play a role in maintaining tooth stability and overall oral health. When these tissues pull back, a common condition known as gum recession occurs, exposing more of the tooth surface or roots. This article explores the science behind gum recession and discusses possibilities for gum tissue restoration.
Understanding Gum Recession
Gum recession occurs when gum tissue wears away or pulls back from the teeth, exposing more of the tooth or its root. This can result in gaps forming between the teeth and the gum line, creating areas where harmful bacteria can accumulate. Over time, this can lead to damage to the supporting bone and tissues.
Several factors can contribute to gum recession. Periodontal disease, an infection of the gums, is a common cause, as the inflammation can lead to the breakdown of gum tissue. Aggressive tooth brushing with excessive force or a hard-bristled toothbrush can also physically wear away gum tissue over time.
Genetic predisposition can make some individuals more susceptible to gum recession, even with good oral hygiene practices. Other contributing factors include teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism), which places undue stress on the gums, and poor oral hygiene, leading to plaque and tartar buildup. Misaligned teeth can also contribute to recession by placing uneven pressure on the gums.
The Reality of Natural Gum Regrowth
Unfortunately, once gum tissue is lost due to recession, it generally cannot regenerate or grow back naturally on its own. Unlike some other tissues in the body, such as the epithelial tissue of the skin, gum tissue does not have the capacity for significant self-repair or regeneration. The specialized nature of gum tissue and the absence of specific stem cells in that area capable of extensive regeneration limit its natural regrowth potential.
While minor inflammation might subside with improved oral hygiene, actual tissue loss from recession is permanent. The body can halt the progression of recession with appropriate care, but the lost gum tissue will not reappear. This means that while preventative measures are effective in stopping further recession, restoring the lost tissue typically requires professional intervention.
Professional Treatments for Receding Gums
When natural regrowth is not possible, several professional treatments are available to address receding gums and restore gum tissue. Initial non-surgical approaches often involve scaling and root planing, a deep cleaning procedure. This process removes plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line, smoothing the tooth roots to help healthy gum tissue reattach. This deep cleaning addresses underlying gum disease and can help prevent further recession.
For more significant gum recession, surgical procedures, particularly gum grafting, are often recommended. These procedures involve taking tissue from one area and transplanting it to the site of recession to cover exposed roots, reduce sensitivity, and improve aesthetics.
Connective Tissue Graft
A common type is the connective tissue graft, where a small piece of tissue is taken from beneath a flap on the roof of the mouth and stitched to the existing gum tissue to cover the exposed root. This technique is widely used for root coverage and thickening gum tissue.
Free Gingival Graft
Another method is the free gingival graft, which involves taking a small amount of tissue directly from the outer layer of the roof of the mouth and attaching it to the affected area. While it may not always cover exposed roots, this graft is often used to increase the thickness and density of thin gum tissue, helping to prevent future recession.
Pedicle Graft
Pedicle grafts utilize tissue from the gum adjacent to the receding area, keeping one edge attached to maintain its blood supply, then rotating or sliding it over the exposed root. This method is suitable for individuals with sufficient gum tissue near the affected tooth.
Pinhole Surgical Technique (PST)
The Pinhole Surgical Technique (PST) is a minimally invasive option that uses specialized instruments to create a small hole in the gum, gently loosen the tissue, and reposition it to cover the exposed root, often without the need for sutures.
Steps to Prevent Further Recession
Preventing further gum recession involves consistent oral hygiene practices and regular dental care. Brushing teeth twice daily with a soft-bristled toothbrush and using gentle, circular motions helps clean effectively without damaging gums. Daily flossing is also important to remove food particles and plaque from between teeth and along the gum line.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are important for removing tartar buildup that cannot be eliminated with at-home care. Addressing habits like teeth grinding or clenching, possibly with a night guard, can reduce stress on gum tissues. Avoiding tobacco products, which irritate gums and restrict blood flow, also contributes to maintaining gum health. A balanced diet further supports the health of gum tissues.