A yeast infection, also known as candidiasis, is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast. This yeast naturally lives on and inside the human body, including the skin, mouth, and reproductive organs, usually without causing any issues. An infection occurs when the Candida yeast multiplies excessively, disrupting the body’s natural balance.
Transmission Between Partners
While not categorized as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Candida can pass between sexual partners through intimate contact, as the fungus is present on skin and mucous membranes. However, transmission does not always lead to an infection, as other factors contribute to symptom development.
In male-to-female transmission, Candida can reside on male genitalia without causing symptoms. During intercourse, this yeast can transfer to the female partner. If conditions in the female reproductive tract are favorable for yeast overgrowth, such as changes in pH balance or a weakened immune system, an infection may develop.
A female partner with an active yeast infection can also transmit Candida to a male partner. While less common for men to develop symptoms, about 15% may experience them after unprotected sex with an infected female. This can create a “ping-pong” effect, where partners may reinfect each other if both are not treated. Uncircumcised men may have higher susceptibility due to the moist environment under the foreskin.
Recognizing Symptoms in Both Sexes
Recognizing yeast infection symptoms is important for seeking care. In females, common signs include intense itching and irritation around the vagina and vulva. There may also be a burning sensation, particularly during urination or sexual intercourse, along with redness and swelling of the vulva. A thick, white vaginal discharge, often described as having a cottage cheese-like appearance and little to no odor, is another characteristic symptom.
Men can also develop yeast infections, typically presenting as balanitis, an inflammation of the head of the penis. Symptoms may include redness, itching, and a burning sensation on the penis. A rash, sometimes with small red spots or shiny white patches, may appear. Some men might also notice a white, thick discharge, similar to cottage cheese, under the foreskin, along with difficulty pulling the foreskin back.
Practical Steps for Prevention and Treatment
Preventing yeast infections involves maintaining the body’s natural balance and reducing conditions favorable for yeast overgrowth. Wearing breathable underwear, such as cotton, helps keep the genital area dry and reduces moisture. Avoiding tight-fitting clothing and changing out of wet swimwear or sweaty workout clothes promptly also minimizes moisture. Maintaining good hygiene, including wiping from front to back after using the restroom and avoiding harsh or scented soaps and douches, supports a healthy vaginal environment. For individuals with diabetes, managing blood sugar levels can help prevent recurrent infections.
When a yeast infection is suspected, seeking medical advice is recommended, especially for first-time infections, severe symptoms, or if over-the-counter treatments are ineffective. Mild yeast infections can often be treated with over-the-counter antifungal creams, ointments, or suppositories containing ingredients like miconazole or clotrimazole. Prescription medications, such as oral fluconazole, may be prescribed for more severe or recurrent cases.
If one partner has a symptomatic yeast infection, both partners should consider treatment to prevent reinfection, particularly if transmission is suspected. Abstaining from sexual activity during treatment and until symptoms completely resolve is also advisable, as sexual contact can worsen irritation and prolong the healing process. Certain antifungal medications can also affect condom integrity, which is another reason to avoid sexual activity during treatment.