Mushrooms, the visible fruiting bodies of fungi, represent a mere fraction of a larger, hidden organism. Beneath the soil, a vast and intricate network of fungal threads operates in ways that suggest a form of communication. This hidden world holds complex interactions scientists are actively working to understand. The question of whether fungi “communicate” reveals surprising biological sophistication in ecosystems worldwide.
What “Communication” Means for Fungi
For fungi, “communication” does not involve language or conscious thought as humans understand it. Instead, it refers to the exchange of information or signals that influence their behavior or physiological responses. This exchange typically occurs through chemical or electrical means, coordinating activities across their network. It enables them to respond to environmental changes, manage resources, and interact with other organisms.
The Underground Network
Most of a fungus exists as a network of thread-like structures called hyphae, collectively known as mycelium. This mycelium spreads extensively through soil, wood, and other substrates, forming an interconnected web that can span considerable distances. In forests, these mycelial networks often associate with plant roots, creating mycorrhizal networks. These networks facilitate the movement of substances and signals throughout the underground environment. A single gram of soil can contain up to 90 meters of mycelium.
Signals They Send
Fungi utilize various signals to transmit information across their networks. Chemical signals are well-documented, including pheromones that regulate mating and reproduction. Fungi also release extracellular signaling molecules, such as enzymes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can travel through the soil or air, acting as airborne signals influencing other organisms. Beyond chemical cues, research indicates fungi generate and transmit electrical impulses, akin to nerve cells in animals. These electrical signals appear to respond to environmental changes like the presence of food or injury, coordinating responses within the network.
Why Fungi Exchange Information
Fungi exchange information for survival and resource management. Through their networks, fungi can share nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus among connected plants, enhancing ecosystem health. This communication also plays a role in defense, allowing fungi to coordinate responses against pathogens or pests. When one plant connected to a fungal network is attacked, neighboring plants can receive warning signals and activate their defenses. This complex interplay of signals enables coordinated growth, resource allocation, and adaptation, contributing to the resilience and productivity of natural systems.