Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks myelin, the protective covering around nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, which form the central nervous system. This disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped glands that are part of the immune system, playing a role in fighting infections. This article examines the connection between MS and swollen lymph nodes, and when to seek medical attention.
The Role of Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes are small, oval or kidney-shaped structures distributed throughout the body, including the neck, armpits, and groin. They are components of the lymphatic system, a network of vessels carrying a clear fluid called lymph. This fluid contains white blood cells and collects waste products, damaged cells, and foreign substances from tissues.
Lymph nodes filter this fluid, trapping viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens before they can spread. Inside the nodes, immune cells, particularly lymphocytes, identify and destroy these invaders. When the body confronts an infection, lymph nodes can enlarge as more immune cells gather to fight it, leading to noticeable swelling.
Multiple Sclerosis and Lymph Node Swelling
Swollen lymph nodes are not a direct or typical symptom of Multiple Sclerosis. The inflammation in MS largely occurs in the brain and spinal cord, causing neurological symptoms like vision problems or muscle weakness, rather than directly causing widespread swelling in peripheral lymph nodes.
However, indirect connections between MS and swollen lymph nodes exist. Individuals with MS, like anyone else, can develop infections, which are a common cause of lymph node swelling. Some medications used to manage MS, specifically disease-modifying therapies that suppress the immune system, can increase a person’s susceptibility to infections. If an infection occurs while on these treatments, swollen lymph nodes may be a side effect of the body’s immune response.
Other Reasons for Swollen Lymph Nodes
Swollen lymph nodes most commonly indicate the body is fighting an infection. Viral infections like the common cold, flu, or mononucleosis often cause localized swelling in the neck or under the jaw. Bacterial infections, such as strep throat, skin infections, or dental issues, can also lead to tender, enlarged nodes near the site of infection.
Other conditions can also result in swollen lymph nodes. Autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy tissues, may lead to generalized lymph node swelling. Examples include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, which cause immune cells to accumulate in the nodes. Less commonly, certain cancers can manifest with swollen lymph nodes, either as a primary cancer of the lymphatic system (like lymphoma or leukemia) or as a secondary cancer that has spread from another part of the body.
Seeking Medical Attention
While swollen lymph nodes are frequently a sign of a minor infection that resolves on its own, certain characteristics warrant medical evaluation. Consult a healthcare professional if a swollen lymph node has no clear reason for swelling, continues to enlarge, or remains swollen for more than two to four weeks.
Lymph nodes that feel hard, rubbery, or are fixed in place rather than movable should also be checked. Accompanying symptoms like unexplained weight loss, persistent fever, night sweats, or difficulty swallowing or breathing also signal a need for medical attention.