Methamphetamine use carries a strong link to stroke. A stroke occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients, which can lead to cell death and lasting damage. This article outlines the connection between methamphetamine and stroke, how the drug triggers these events, and the signs and immediate actions to take.
The Link Between Methamphetamine and Stroke
Methamphetamine, a powerful stimulant, substantially increases the likelihood of experiencing a stroke. Both ischemic strokes, caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow to the brain, and hemorrhagic strokes, which involve bleeding in or around the brain, are associated with its use. Studies indicate that methamphetamine use increases the risk of stroke across all ages, including young adults.
Research from a 2017 review found that among methamphetamine-related strokes, approximately 80% were hemorrhagic, where a blood vessel bursts in the brain, compared to about 20% being ischemic. This proportion of hemorrhagic strokes is notably higher than in the general population, where it ranges from 40% to 55% for individuals under 45 years old. While the overall risk of hemorrhagic stroke in methamphetamine users may be low in absolute terms, it is elevated compared to the general population.
How Methamphetamine Triggers Stroke
Methamphetamine impacts the cardiovascular system, leading to several physiological changes that can trigger a stroke. The drug causes acute vasoconstriction, meaning it narrows blood vessels throughout the body, including those supplying the brain. This constriction increases resistance to blood flow and can lead to blockages, potentially resulting in an ischemic stroke. Chronic methamphetamine exposure can also promote persistent cerebral hypoperfusion, where the brain receives insufficient blood flow.
The stimulant also induces spikes in blood pressure, both acutely and chronically. This sudden and severe elevation places considerable strain on blood vessels, increasing the risk of them weakening and rupturing, which can cause a hemorrhagic stroke.
Methamphetamine can also lead to adverse cardiac effects, such as arrhythmias or heart damage. Heart conditions like cardiomyopathy, a disease of the heart muscle, can result from methamphetamine use and may cause blood clots to form. If these clots travel to the brain, they can block blood flow and cause an ischemic stroke.
Additionally, methamphetamine use can cause vasculitis, which is inflammation of the blood vessels. This inflammation can weaken vessel walls, making them more susceptible to damage or rupture.
Recognizing the Signs of a Stroke
Recognizing the signs of a stroke quickly is important, as immediate medical attention can significantly improve outcomes. Stroke symptoms often appear suddenly. The F.A.S.T. acronym helps identify a stroke:
- F – Face drooping: Ask the person to smile; if one side of their face droops or is numb, this is a warning sign.
- A – Arm weakness: Ask the person to raise both arms; if one arm drifts downward or cannot be lifted fully, it may indicate a stroke.
- S – Speech difficulty: This might involve slurred speech, trouble speaking clearly, or difficulty understanding what others are saying.
- T – Time to call emergency services: If any of these signs are observed, even if they seem minor or temporary, call for immediate medical help.
Immediate Action in a Stroke Emergency
If someone is suspected of having a stroke, call 911 or the local emergency number immediately. Prompt medical attention is important, as brain cells can die rapidly when deprived of oxygen, and early treatment can reduce long-term disability and improve survival.
While waiting for emergency services, note the time when symptoms first began, as this information is important for medical professionals. Keep the person safe and comfortable. If conscious, help them lie down on their side with their head slightly raised and supported in case of vomiting.
Do not give the person anything to eat or drink, as a stroke can impair swallowing. Avoid driving the person to the hospital yourself; paramedics can begin life-saving treatment en route. Loosen any restrictive clothing that might impede breathing.