While primary melanoma, a type of skin cancer, does not directly cause headaches, a connection can emerge if the cancer spreads to the brain. This spread, known as metastasis, can lead to tumors forming within the brain. For individuals with a history of melanoma, headaches can indicate such a development.
Melanoma Spread to the Brain
Melanoma can metastasize, meaning cancer cells can detach from the original tumor and travel to distant organs. The brain is a common site for these secondary tumors, with over 60% of Stage IV melanoma patients developing brain metastases. These cancer cells spread through the bloodstream, reaching the brain.
Once melanoma cells establish themselves in the brain, they form new tumors. These tumors grow and put pressure on surrounding brain tissue. This pressure and associated swelling can disrupt normal brain function, leading to neurological symptoms.
Headaches as a Symptom
Headaches are often among the first symptoms when melanoma metastasizes to the brain. These headaches present as new in onset and may worsen over time, becoming persistent. They can be described as dull, pressure-type pain, and may be more severe in the morning or worsen with coughing or straining.
The headaches occur because the growing tumor occupies space within the rigid skull, increasing intracranial pressure. This pressure can lead to other neurological symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting. Other symptoms may include vision changes, seizures, weakness or numbness on one side of the body, and changes in mental function or personality.
Other Reasons for Headaches in Melanoma Patients
Not all headaches in individuals with melanoma indicate brain metastasis. Headaches can arise from various other factors, including side effects from cancer treatments. Immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and chemotherapy can cause headaches.
Beyond treatment-related causes, common everyday factors can also trigger headaches in melanoma patients. These include stress or anxiety related to the cancer diagnosis, dehydration, lack of sleep, or dietary factors.
When to Consult a Doctor
Prompt medical evaluation is important for any new or worsening headaches in individuals with a history of melanoma. While many headaches are not serious, new, severe, or persistent headaches, especially if they do not improve with over-the-counter medication or are accompanied by other neurological symptoms, warrant attention. Delaying evaluation can impact treatment options and outcomes.
Early detection of brain metastases is important for effective treatment planning and improves a patient’s prognosis. Imaging tests, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), are the gold standard for diagnosing brain metastases. Reporting all symptoms to a healthcare provider allows for timely assessment and appropriate management.