Diarrhea can be a symptom associated with lymphoma. While diarrhea is a common ailment with many potential causes, its persistence or occurrence alongside other specific signs can indicate a more serious underlying condition. Understanding the connection between lymphoma and digestive issues can help individuals recognize when medical evaluation is appropriate.
What is Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system called lymphocytes. These specialized white blood cells are found throughout the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. When these lymphocytes grow abnormally and multiply uncontrollably, they form tumors that interfere with normal bodily functions. There are various types of lymphoma, generally categorized into Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, each with distinct characteristics.
How Lymphoma Can Cause Diarrhea
Lymphoma can cause diarrhea through direct and indirect mechanisms, especially when involving the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma directly affects the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine. Tumors in these areas can cause obstruction, inflammation, or impaired nutrient absorption, leading to diarrhea. For example, MALT lymphoma, originating in the gut, can directly cause diarrhea, bloating, or abdominal pain.
Beyond direct involvement, enlarged lymph nodes near the bowel can compress the intestines, affecting their function. Diarrhea can also arise as a side effect of lymphoma treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy to the abdominal area, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. These treatments can damage the lining of the digestive tract, disrupting normal bowel movements. Lymphoma and its treatments can also weaken the immune system, increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections that cause diarrhea.
Other Common Lymphoma Symptoms
Beyond diarrhea, lymphoma can manifest with a range of other symptoms that vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. A common sign is the painless swelling of lymph nodes, frequently observed in the neck, armpit, or groin. Many individuals experience systemic symptoms, often referred to as “B symptoms,” which include unexplained fevers of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher, drenching night sweats, and significant unexplained weight loss, typically 10% or more of body weight over six months.
Persistent fatigue, a tiredness that does not improve with rest, is also a frequent complaint. Some people may experience itching, sometimes widespread, without a clear cause. If lymphoma affects organs within the abdomen, it can lead to abdominal pain or swelling, or a feeling of fullness after eating only small amounts of food.
When to Seek Medical Advice
While diarrhea is a common symptom with many benign causes, it is important to seek medical advice if it becomes persistent or severe. This is especially true if diarrhea is accompanied by any of the other symptoms associated with lymphoma, such as unexplained fever, night sweats, significant weight loss, or swollen lymph nodes. The presence of blood in the stool also warrants immediate medical evaluation. A healthcare provider can properly assess symptoms, conduct necessary tests, and provide an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. This article serves informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical consultation.