Systemic lupus erythematosus, commonly known as lupus, is a chronic autoimmune disease. In this condition, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues and organs, leading to widespread inflammation and tissue damage. This complex disease can manifest with a variety of symptoms affecting different parts of the body, including the throat. Understanding the potential causes of a sore throat in the context of lupus is important for individuals managing the condition.
How Lupus Directly Affects the Throat
Lupus can directly contribute to a sore throat through several autoimmune mechanisms. The immune system’s misdirected attack can cause inflammation in the mucous membranes lining the throat. This inflammation, known as pharyngitis or laryngitis, can cause discomfort, pain, or difficulty swallowing or speaking. A sore throat can also signal a lupus flare, indicating increased disease activity.
Lupus can also cause ulcers or sores in the mouth and throat. These oral ulcers, which may extend into the pharynx, are common and painful, contributing to throat soreness. Dry mouth (xerostomia), often due to co-occurring Sjögren’s syndrome, is another possibility. This dryness can irritate the throat, causing a persistent scratchy sensation or soreness as moisture-producing glands are affected.
Other Common Causes of Sore Throat in People with Lupus
While lupus can directly cause throat discomfort, people with the condition are also prone to other common causes of sore throat, sometimes at an increased rate. Individuals with lupus, especially those taking immunosuppressive medications, have a heightened susceptibility to infections. This includes common viral infections like colds and the flu, as well as bacterial infections such as strep throat, which can lead to significant throat pain.
Medications used to manage lupus can also contribute to throat symptoms. Some immunosuppressants may cause dry mouth, which can irritate the throat, or increase the risk of oral thrush, a fungal infection that can present as a sore throat. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), sometimes used for lupus-related pain, can also cause gastrointestinal side effects like indigestion or esophageal irritation, which might be perceived as throat discomfort.
Beyond infections and medication side effects, other general irritants can affect individuals with lupus. Allergies, acid reflux, and environmental factors like dry air or pollutants can all contribute to throat irritation. These factors, while not specific to lupus, can be particularly bothersome for someone whose throat may already be sensitive due to their underlying condition.
When to Consult a Doctor
It is important for individuals with lupus to monitor any new or persistent symptoms, including a sore throat. You should consult a doctor if a sore throat is severe, does not improve with home care, or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms. These additional symptoms might include difficulty swallowing, fever, swollen glands in the neck, a new or worsening rash, or any signs of a lupus flare.
Early communication with your rheumatologist or primary care physician is important, given the complexities of lupus and its treatments. They can help determine if the sore throat is a direct manifestation of lupus, an infection, a medication side effect, or another cause. The diagnostic process may involve a physical examination, and potentially laboratory tests to check for infection or assess lupus disease activity.