Lizards are common reptiles found in various environments, and while many are harmless, some species are capable of biting humans. These bites are typically a defensive reaction when a lizard feels threatened, cornered, or is handled improperly. Most lizard bites result in minor injuries, but there are a few exceptions involving venomous species where bites can be medically significant.
Which Lizards Can Bite
Many types of lizards can bite, with the severity largely depending on the species and its size. Common non-venomous lizards, such as iguanas, monitor lizards, and larger pet lizards, may bite if they perceive a threat. Their bites can cause pain, bruising, and minor bleeding due to their strong jaws and sharp teeth, which are designed for tearing or gripping. For instance, large iguanas can deliver a painful bite, and monitor lizards, despite having venom in their saliva, pose a primary risk of tissue damage and bacterial infection from their powerful bites.
A few lizard species are venomous, and their bites can cause more severe reactions. The Gila monster and the Mexican beaded lizard are the only two known venomous lizards in North America. The Gila monster, found in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, is a stout, slow-moving reptile with distinctive black and orange or pink patterns on its bead-like skin. The Mexican beaded lizard, a close relative, inhabits Mexico and southern Guatemala and has similar grooved teeth for venom delivery.
What Happens After a Bite
The effects of a lizard bite vary significantly between non-venomous and venomous species. For bites from common non-venomous lizards, symptoms typically include localized pain, redness, and swelling. The primary concern with these bites is the risk of bacterial infection, as lizards carry bacteria like Salmonella in their mouths. Wounds may also bleed, and deeper punctures can occur depending on the size of the lizard and the force of its bite.
Venomous bites from a Gila monster or Mexican beaded lizard present a different set of symptoms. These lizards do not inject venom through hollow fangs but rather chew, allowing venom to flow into the wound through grooves in their teeth. Victims often report excruciating pain at the bite site, which can spread, along with significant swelling. Other systemic symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, sweating, and a drop in blood pressure. While intensely painful, fatalities from Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard bites are rare.
First Aid and Medical Attention
Immediate first aid for a lizard bite involves thoroughly cleaning the wound. Wash the affected area with soap and warm water for several minutes to remove any bacteria or debris. If the wound is bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean cloth to help stop the flow. After cleaning, applying an antiseptic ointment and covering the wound with a sterile bandage can help prevent infection.
It is important to seek professional medical attention in several situations. If the bite is deep, continues to bleed, or shows signs of infection such as increased pain, redness, swelling, or pus, medical evaluation is necessary. Any bite from a suspected venomous lizard requires immediate medical care. There is no specific antivenom for Gila monster or Mexican beaded lizard bites; treatment focuses on supportive care, pain management, and preventing complications like infection. Additionally, a tetanus booster may be advisable if your immunization is not current.
How to Prevent Bites
Preventing lizard bites primarily involves respecting their space and understanding their natural behaviors. Avoid attempting to handle wild lizards, as they are more likely to bite when they feel threatened or are being captured. Maintaining a safe distance and observing them from afar is always advisable. If a lizard is in an undesirable location, gently guide it away using a broom or another object rather than direct contact.
For individuals who keep lizards as pets, proper handling techniques are important to minimize the risk of bites. Regular, gentle interaction from a young age can help domestic lizards become accustomed to human contact, reducing their defensive behaviors. Ensuring secure enclosures also prevents escape and potential interactions that could lead to bites. Awareness of surroundings in areas where lizards are common can further reduce unexpected encounters.