Kratom is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia, where its leaves have been traditionally used for centuries. These leaves contain compounds that can produce both stimulant-like effects at lower doses and opioid-like effects at higher doses. This article explores if kratom use might contribute to the development of stomach ulcers, a common gastrointestinal condition.
Understanding Stomach Ulcers
Stomach ulcers, also known as peptic ulcers, are open sores that form on the inner lining of the stomach, the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum), or sometimes the esophagus. These sores develop when the protective mucus layer lining the digestive tract is eroded, allowing digestive acids to damage the underlying tissue. The most common symptom is a burning or gnawing pain in the abdomen.
The primary causes of peptic ulcers are well-established. A significant number of ulcers are caused by an infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which can inflame and weaken the protective lining of the stomach and duodenum. Another common cause is the long-term or high-dose use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or aspirin, which can irritate the stomach lining and interfere with its natural protective mechanisms. While stress and spicy foods were once thought to cause ulcers, they are now understood to primarily worsen existing symptoms rather than directly cause the sores.
Kratom’s Potential Impact on Gastric Health
Kratom contains active compounds called alkaloids, primarily mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, which interact with various receptors in the body, including opioid receptors. These interactions can influence gastrointestinal motility, slowing intestinal movement. This often leads to common side effects like constipation, particularly with frequent or high-dose use.
The physical form in which kratom is consumed could also play a role in gastric irritation. When ingested as a powder or chewed leaves, the plant material might be abrasive or difficult for the stomach to process, potentially leading to discomfort. Additionally, some users add acidic substances, such as citric acid, to kratom preparations to enhance absorption. If a person has a compromised gastric lining or acid reflux, adding more acid could potentially erode the protective mucous membrane and expose the stomach lining, which might contribute to ulcer formation.
Current Research and Evidence
Scientific research directly linking kratom use to stomach ulcer formation is limited. Most information comes from anecdotal reports rather than large-scale clinical trials. While some users report stomach upset, gastritis, or ulcer-like symptoms, it is challenging to definitively attribute these to kratom without further research.
A rat study explored the gastroprotective effects of kratom extract on various induced ulcer models. This study suggested that high doses of a methanolic kratom extract showed a protective effect against ulcers induced by alcohol and acetylsalicylic acid in rats, similar to a known anti-ulcer medication. However, other findings indicated no significant effect on overall gastric acid or pH levels, suggesting complex mechanisms. One case report described severe ulceration in the colon of a patient using kratom, but this was part of a broader case of multiorgan dysfunction and not solely attributed to kratom.
More robust human studies are needed to understand kratom’s full effects on the gastrointestinal system, including its potential to cause or exacerbate ulcers. Many reported gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation, are recognized side effects of kratom use, especially at higher doses. However, these common side effects do not directly confirm a causal link to ulcer development.
Recognizing Symptoms and Seeking Medical Advice
Recognizing stomach ulcer symptoms is important for timely medical attention. Common indicators include a burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen, which may worsen between meals or at night. Other symptoms can include bloating, belching, indigestion, heartburn, nausea, and a feeling of fullness after eating a small amount of food.
It is crucial to seek professional medical advice if these symptoms are persistent or severe. Certain signs warrant immediate medical attention:
- Vomiting blood (which may look like coffee grounds)
- Passing black or tarry stools
- Severe and sudden abdominal pain that does not subside
- Feeling dizzy or faint
Self-diagnosis or attempting to self-treat can delay proper care and potentially lead to more serious complications. A healthcare provider can accurately diagnose the cause of the symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment, which may involve diagnostic tests such as an endoscopy.