Yes, children can absolutely be allergic to dogs. A dog allergy is an immune system reaction to specific proteins, known as allergens, that dogs produce. These allergens are primarily found in a dog’s dander (tiny flakes of dead skin), saliva, and urine. When a child’s immune system identifies these otherwise harmless proteins as threats, it triggers an allergic response.
How Dog Allergies Develop in Children
A child develops a dog allergy when their immune system mistakenly identifies certain proteins from the dog as harmful. These allergens are microscopic particles found in skin flakes (dander), saliva, and urine, not the dog’s fur itself.
When a child comes into contact with these allergens, their immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. These antibodies then bind to mast cells in the body. Upon subsequent exposure, these mast cells release histamine and other chemicals, leading to allergic symptoms. The small size of dander allows it to remain airborne for extended periods and easily adhere to clothing, furniture, and carpets, becoming a persistent source of allergens in the home.
Recognizing Symptoms in Children
Dog allergy symptoms in children vary in type and severity. Respiratory symptoms are common, including sneezing, a runny or stuffy nose, and an itchy nose or throat. Children might also experience coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing, especially if the allergy contributes to asthma.
Skin reactions are another frequent manifestation, with children developing itchy skin, hives (raised, red patches), or eczema flare-ups. These skin symptoms can occur from direct contact, such as being licked by a dog. Eye symptoms often include itchiness, redness, and watery eyes. Symptoms can appear immediately after exposure or be delayed, sometimes emerging hours later.
Diagnosing a Dog Allergy
Diagnosing a dog allergy in a child involves a medical professional. The process begins with a thorough review of the child’s medical history, including any family history of allergies, and a physical examination. If a dog allergy is suspected, specific diagnostic tests confirm the presence of IgE antibodies to dog allergens.
The most common diagnostic methods include skin prick tests and blood tests. During a skin prick test, a small amount of allergen extract is applied to the child’s skin, usually on the forearm or back, and the skin is lightly pricked. A positive reaction, indicated by a raised, red bump resembling a mosquito bite within 15 to 20 minutes, suggests an allergy.
Blood tests, such as RAST or ImmunoCAP, measure the level of specific IgE antibodies in the bloodstream. While skin prick tests offer immediate results, blood tests are useful for children with certain skin conditions or those taking medications that might interfere with skin test results.
Managing Dog Allergies
Managing a child’s dog allergy involves environmental controls and medical treatments. Environmental strategies focus on reducing dog allergens in the home. These include:
Regular and thorough cleaning.
Using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter.
Utilizing portable HEPA air purifiers, especially in the child’s bedroom.
Limiting the dog’s access to certain areas, particularly the child’s bedroom.
Removing carpets and opting for hard flooring, as dander accumulates in soft surfaces.
Frequent bathing of the dog, at least once a week, to reduce airborne allergens.
For medical management, over-the-counter antihistamines can help reduce itching, sneezing, and runny nose. Nasal corticosteroids are often prescribed to reduce nasal inflammation and control symptoms. In more severe cases, immunotherapy (allergy shots) may be considered. This treatment involves gradually exposing the child to increasing doses of dog allergens to desensitize their immune system over time.
Debunking “Hypoallergenic” Breeds and Prevention Strategies
The concept of “hypoallergenic” dog breeds is a misconception; no dog breed is truly hypoallergenic. All dogs produce the allergy-triggering proteins in their dander, saliva, and urine, regardless of coat type or shedding habits. While some breeds are marketed as hypoallergenic because they shed less fur, this does not eliminate allergen production. Studies show no significant difference in allergen levels in homes with “hypoallergenic” breeds compared to others.
Regarding prevention, ongoing research explores the “hygiene hypothesis,” which suggests that early life exposure to diverse microorganisms may help train the immune system and reduce allergy risk. Some studies indicate that exposure to pets, particularly dogs, during pregnancy and early infancy might be associated with a lower risk of allergies later in childhood. This theory posits that such exposure could influence the child’s early microbiome, potentially leading to a more mature immune system less prone to misidentifying harmless substances as threats. However, these findings are part of ongoing research, and definitive conclusions on prevention strategies are still being established.