Kidney stones are solid deposits that form within the kidneys. They vary significantly in size and shape, from a grain of sand to larger formations. When these stones dislodge and move through the narrow urinary tract, they often cause considerable discomfort. A common question is whether these stones can dissolve or pass from the body without medical intervention.
Kidney Stone Types and Dissolvability
A kidney stone’s composition largely determines if it can dissolve naturally. Calcium stones, the most prevalent type (primarily calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate), generally do not dissolve on their own. They typically require physical passage or medical removal.
In contrast, uric acid stones, which form from high levels of uric acid in the urine, can sometimes be dissolved. This is often achieved through urine alkalinization, where medications like potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate are used to increase the urine’s pH, making it less acidic. Allopurinol may also be prescribed to lower uric acid levels. Struvite stones, often linked to urinary tract infections, usually require medical treatment, including antibiotics and stone removal. Cystine stones, a less common type resulting from a genetic disorder, are generally difficult to dissolve, though specific therapies may sometimes achieve partial dissolution.
Factors for Spontaneous Passage
Many kidney stones can pass naturally, even if they don’t dissolve. Stone size is a significant factor; smaller stones, generally less than 5 to 6 millimeters, have a much higher likelihood of passing without medical procedures. For instance, stones 4 millimeters or smaller may pass within one to two weeks with a high success rate.
The stone’s location within the urinary tract also plays a role. Stones that have moved into the distal ureter (closer to the bladder) are more likely to pass than those higher up in the kidney or proximal ureter. Stone shape can also influence its journey, with smoother stones potentially navigating the urinary system more easily than jagged ones. Individual variations in urinary tract anatomy can further affect the ease of passage.
Recognizing Symptoms and Seeking Care
Kidney stones often cause recognizable symptoms that warrant medical attention. The most characteristic symptom is severe, fluctuating pain (renal colic), typically felt in the back, side, or groin. This pain can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Other indicators include blood in the urine (appearing pink, red, or brown) and discomfort or increased frequency during urination.
Seek prompt medical care if symptoms are severe. Immediate attention is necessary if you experience:
Unbearable pain not relieved by medication
Fever and chills, which could signal an infection
Persistent vomiting preventing fluid intake
An inability to urinate
These signs indicate a blockage or infection requiring urgent intervention to prevent kidney damage. A healthcare professional can diagnose the condition and recommend an appropriate course of action.
Helping Stones Pass and Preventing New Ones
For smaller, passable kidney stones, several strategies can aid their journey through the urinary system. Drinking plenty of water is recommended to help flush the stone along. Pain management is also important, with over-the-counter pain relievers or prescription medications, such as alpha-blockers like tamsulosin, which relax the ureter muscles, easing passage. Healthcare providers might also advise straining urine to collect the stone for analysis, which helps prevent future occurrences.
Preventing new kidney stones often involves dietary and lifestyle adjustments, tailored to the stone’s composition. Increased fluid intake, aiming for clear or pale yellow urine, is a primary recommendation for all stone types. General dietary advice includes limiting sodium and animal protein.
For calcium oxalate stones, while calcium intake from food should be maintained, high-oxalate foods like spinach and rhubarb might be limited or paired with calcium-rich foods. Individuals prone to uric acid stones may benefit from reducing purine-rich foods such as red meat and shellfish, and increasing fruits and vegetables. In some cases, medications like thiazide diuretics or potassium citrate may be prescribed to help prevent recurrence. A healthcare professional can provide personalized guidance for prevention and treatment.