Kidney stones are hard, pebble-like formations of minerals and salts that develop within the kidneys. They vary in size, from a grain of sand to larger formations. Smaller stones may pass unnoticed, but larger ones cause significant discomfort as they navigate the urinary tract.
Typical Presentation of Kidney Stone Pain
The pain associated with kidney stones, known as renal colic, is typically severe and begins abruptly. This discomfort commonly originates in the flank, the area on either side of the lower back, just beneath the rib cage. The pain can also radiate to the side or lower abdomen.
This pain is often sharp and colicky, coming in waves of varying intensity. These waves can last 20 to 60 minutes, subsiding only to return. As a kidney stone moves through the ureter, the narrow tube connecting the kidney to the bladder, the pain’s location may shift. This movement often leads to emergency care.
The Connection to Testicular Pain
Yes, kidney stones can cause pain that radiates to the testicles, a phenomenon known as referred pain. This occurs because nerves supplying the kidneys and ureters share pathways with those innervating the groin and testicles. The brain interprets signals from these shared nerve pathways as originating from the testicles, even though the irritation’s source is the kidney or ureter.
Nerves like the genitofemoral and ilioinguinal are involved in this shared innervation. The genitofemoral nerve, for example, supplies both the lower abdomen/groin and the testicles. When a stone obstructs urine flow and causes the ureter to spasm, pain signals travel along these interconnected neural routes. This results in pain being perceived in the testicles, though the testicle itself is not directly affected.
Recognizing Other Symptoms and Seeking Medical Attention
Other symptoms often accompany kidney stone pain. Nausea and vomiting are common, often due to pain intensity. Changes in urination, such as frequent urges or pain during urination, are also common.
Blood in the urine (hematuria) can make it appear pink, red, or brown. Fever and chills may indicate infection. Immediate medical attention is necessary if these symptoms accompany severe pain or difficulty urinating.
Testicular pain can stem from various causes, not solely kidney stones. Self-diagnosis is not advised. Any persistent or severe testicular pain, especially with kidney stone symptoms, warrants prompt medical evaluation. A healthcare professional can accurately diagnose the cause and recommend appropriate treatment.