Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a prevalent vaginal condition. This article clarifies if BV can be transmitted to male partners, explains its nature, discusses the role male partners play in recurrence, and emphasizes maintaining vaginal health and open communication.
BV’s Nature and Male Involvement
Bacterial Vaginosis is a common vaginal condition resulting from an imbalance of naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. It occurs when certain bacteria, such as Gardnerella species, overgrow and outnumber beneficial Lactobacillus bacteria, which maintain a healthy vaginal environment. This shift in the vaginal microbiota leads to symptoms such as unusual discharge, often thin, gray or white, and a characteristic “fishy” odor, which can be stronger after sex.
BV is not considered a traditional sexually transmitted infection (STI) like gonorrhea or chlamydia, because it is an imbalance of existing bacteria rather than an infection caused by an external pathogen. Men do not contract BV in the way women do, due to anatomical differences. The penile anatomy does not support the same delicate bacterial balance found in the vagina. Male partners do not experience symptoms related to their partner’s BV. While sexual activity can influence the vaginal microbiome, BV is not classified as an STI for men, and they do not develop the condition.
Male Partners and Recurrence
Although men do not contract BV, some studies suggest that male partners can transiently harbor BV-associated bacteria without experiencing symptoms. These bacteria can accumulate on the penis or in the urethra. This asymptomatic carriage may contribute to recurrence of BV in female partners after successful treatment. Sexual activity, particularly with a new or multiple partners, can influence the vaginal microbiome and has been linked to an increased risk of BV and recurrence.
A recent study found that treating male partners with oral and topical antibiotics significantly reduced BV recurrence in their female partners. Recurrence within 12 weeks was 35% in the treated male partner group, compared to 63% in the control group, nearly a 50% reduction. This suggests reinfection from male sexual partners may play a role in BV recurrence. Male circumcision has also been associated with reduced BV risk for female partners, as it can alter the penile microbiota by reducing anaerobic bacteria.
Maintaining Vaginal Health and Partner Communication
Maintaining vaginal health involves practices supporting a balanced vaginal microbiome and reducing BV risk. Avoiding douching is important, as it can disrupt the natural pH and bacterial balance. The vagina is naturally self-cleaning, and using harsh cleansers or scented products can lead to irritation and imbalance. Practicing good hygiene, such as cleaning the vulva with warm water and mild, unscented soap, and wiping from front to back after using the toilet, is also beneficial. Wearing breathable underwear, such as cotton, and changing out of wet clothing promptly also helps prevent bacterial overgrowth.
Open communication between partners regarding sexual health is important. Discussing sexual history, preferences, and concerns about BV can foster mutual respect and trust. If a woman experiences BV symptoms or recurrent infections, seeking medical attention for diagnosis and treatment is advisable. While male partners do not develop BV, if they experience any unusual genital symptoms such as discharge, itching, or irritation, they should consult a healthcare provider for evaluation, as these symptoms are likely due to other conditions.