A vaginal yeast infection is an overgrowth of the fungus Candida, which naturally lives in the vagina. This common infection causes uncomfortable symptoms when the natural balance of the vaginal environment is disrupted. Yeast infections are very common during pregnancy; up to one in four pregnant women will experience one before delivery. They are generally considered a minor, though unpleasant, complication of pregnancy.
Increased Susceptibility During Pregnancy
The primary reason for this increased susceptibility is the dramatic hormonal shift that occurs throughout pregnancy. High levels of estrogen promote the deposition of glycogen in the vaginal epithelial cells. This glycogen, which is essentially a sugar, is released into the vagina where it serves as food for the Candida fungus.
This abundance of fuel allows Candida to multiply rapidly, leading to an infection. Hormonal changes also shift the vaginal pH balance, further favoring the overgrowth of the yeast.
Identifying the Signs
The symptoms of a yeast infection are the same whether pregnant or not. The most common indicators are intense itching and irritation of the vagina and vulva. This discomfort may be accompanied by noticeable redness and swelling in the genital area.
A characteristic sign is a thick, white vaginal discharge often described as having a cottage cheese-like texture. There may also be a burning sensation, especially during urination or sexual intercourse. It is important to consult a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis, since these symptoms can mimic other conditions common in pregnancy, such as bacterial vaginosis or a urinary tract infection.
Safe Treatment Options
Treating a yeast infection while pregnant is safe, but the method is specific to ensure the baby’s safety. Healthcare providers recommend topical antifungal medications, which are applied directly to the affected area. These treatments, such as vaginal creams or suppositories, are considered the safest option during pregnancy.
The preferred active ingredients are azole antifungals like clotrimazole and miconazole, which are available over-the-counter. Doctors often suggest using the seven-day treatment courses, as they are effective and provide sufficient duration for clearing the infection. It is necessary to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve quickly, to prevent recurrence.
Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, are avoided during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester. Studies suggest a possible link between high doses or long-term use of these oral drugs and an increased risk of complications. Therefore, all medication, even over-the-counter options, should only be started after consulting with a healthcare provider.
Potential Impact on the Fetus
A maternal yeast infection does not pose a serious risk to the developing fetus. The infection remains localized to the vaginal area and does not migrate up into the uterus. Treatment is encouraged primarily because of the discomfort it causes the pregnant individual.
The only potential risk occurs during a vaginal delivery if an active infection is present. The newborn may contract the fungus as it passes through the birth canal, leading to oral thrush. Thrush is a common, localized yeast infection in the baby’s mouth, easily managed and treated post-birth.