It is understandable why mothers who are breastfeeding might question the safety of cosmetic treatments like spray tanning. The core of this safety assessment focuses on the active ingredient in the tanning solution and whether it can reach the breast milk or pose a risk through direct contact. Understanding the science behind the tan helps inform the precautions necessary for a safe experience.
The Key Ingredient: Dihydroxyacetone (DHA)
The compound responsible for creating the temporary bronze color is Dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a simple three-carbon sugar molecule. This substance works by interacting with the amino acids present in the dead skin cells of the outermost layer of the epidermis, known as the stratum corneum. This non-enzymatic reaction, called the Maillard reaction, produces pigmented molecules called melanoidins, which resemble the natural skin pigment melanin.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved DHA for external application in cosmetics since the 1970s. This approval applies to topical use where the exposure is limited to the skin surface. DHA’s mechanism of action is designed to remain on the very top layer of the skin, which is constantly shedding.
Systemic Absorption and Breast Milk Transfer
The primary concern is whether DHA can penetrate the skin deeply enough to enter the bloodstream, referred to as systemic absorption. Current data suggest that when DHA is applied correctly to healthy skin, dermal absorption is minimal. Laboratory models have indicated that less than one percent of the topically applied DHA is expected to enter the systemic circulation.
Because DHA’s molecular structure and function are confined to the dead cells of the stratum corneum, the likelihood of it reaching the blood supply is very low. If a substance does not enter the mother’s bloodstream in significant amounts, it cannot transfer into the breast milk. Although no specific studies have measured DHA levels in human breast milk after a spray tan, experts agree that any potential transfer is negligible, meaning the internal risk to the baby via the milk supply is minimal.
Addressing Topical and Inhalation Risks
While the risk of DHA entering the breast milk is low, two practical risks require attention: topical exposure and inhalation. The most immediate concern is the baby potentially ingesting or absorbing the tanning solution directly from the mother’s skin during a feeding. To prevent this, mothers should completely cover the nipples and areola area during the spray application.
It is recommended to wash the breast area gently with soap and water before the baby’s next feeding to remove any potential residue. This precaution addresses the temporary color guide and any remaining DHA on the skin surface, ensuring the baby does not make contact with the fresh solution.
The second risk involves the mother inhaling the fine mist produced during the spray tanning session. The FDA has not approved DHA for use as an all-over spray because safety data for inhalation or exposure to mucous membranes, such as the eyes, nose, and mouth, has not been fully evaluated. The concern is that inhaling the fine particles may lead to greater systemic exposure.
To mitigate the inhalation risk, the application must take place in a well-ventilated area. It is advisable to wear protective gear, such as nose filters, goggles, and lip balm, to shield the mucous membranes. By following these steps to avoid direct contact with the breast area and minimize inhalation exposure, spray tanning is generally considered compatible with breastfeeding.